# MIT News

Data: 11-01-2025 22:24:01

## Lista de Vídeos

1. [Have a conversation with your future self](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IcYx-hmo3A)
2. [More than a job: MIT Police Officer Yessenia Gomez](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewCCRtvRLEo)
3. [Space Architecture](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rnJAyeCTIE)
4. [Quantum Explained](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jk0jWzlvA5w)
5. [Moooving the needle on methane](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWJ66XQNQmE)
6. [Printing furniture with liquid metal](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H93W-CiOT4A)
7. [An innovative side of sneaker design](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXiTxDKamcg)
8. [This 3D printer can watch itself fabricate objects](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mw9hYHoD46o)
9. [Shape-shifting fiber can produce morphing fabrics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLXu9fIfZzk)
10. [Ways of seeing](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbdTIqzJOyQ)
11. [Seeing the 3D genome like never before](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oybAJIeVT-s)
12. [Robo-gripper grasps by reflex](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxDi-HEpXn4)
13. [Patient-specific, 3D-printed, soft-robotic hearts](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52qNGqBbTQA)
14. [Paper-thin solar cell can turn any surface into a power source](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TS9ADU0oc50)
15. [Assembler robots could eventually build almost anything](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G94FDMGLwCc)
16. [Stretchy, color-shifting materials](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-BH7164GaM)
17. [Ultrasound Sticker](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kn2J8W4csNc)
18. [Robotic system can locate and retrieve hidden items](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFqz263uPN0)
19. [Robotic lightning bugs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5ZJOhkSRWk)
20. [A paper-thin loudspeaker plays "We Are the Champions" by Queen](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pABxdxTuAY8)
21. [How to clean solar panels without water](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epX9kUuDmgY)
22. [Giving bug-like, flying robots a boost](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_YD01uuGtE)
23. [One giant leap for the mini cheetah](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqwldNLHE9w)
24. [Robotic fibers can make breath-monitoring garments](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDT7Nt_sBqQ)
25. [MIT economist Joshua Angrist shares Nobel Prize](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDfMgrxpwV8)
26. [Lending a Hand](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9BKLWcl6RU)
27. [A Star in a Bottle: The Quest for Commercial Fusion](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdoI1X5m96s)
28. [Crystal critters](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpV1t4pvqrA)
29. [Ultrasound has potential to damage coronaviruses](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQmbejg8OSI)
30. [Insect-like robots](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50_kK9phHy8)
31. [Origami-inspired medical patch for sealing internal injuries](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pmd4Z7hjQA)
32. [Covid-19 vaccines arrive at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ff0wYvW2JKs)
33. [Arctic eddies](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4XjudOfWtg)
34. [New system can sterilize medical tools using solar heat](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=665yIOWMDZg)
35. [AUDIO: New AI model detects asymptomatic Covid-19 infections](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2z1_sDNoLo)
36. [Extracting drinkable water from the air](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hoXj-j0VSTA)
37. [Testing wastewater to help detect Covid-19](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysZsx5wS2YM)
38. [A completely flat fisheye lens](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqVWW2n3Hpk)
39. [Possible signs of life on Venus](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCXF8FUux74)
40. [Robot takes contact-free measurements of patients' vital signs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YvSdbwh41I)
41. [Lining the GI tract](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ns7Xwo48RTo)
42. [Sliding through a syringe](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mFFJwS3xqA)
43. [Tips for surviving social distancing from an MIT astronaut](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezyxCk8e2zc)
44. [How to get conductive gels to stick when wet](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpHBcr7up3M)
45. [3D printing with living organisms](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gL_KuEu9ABQ)
46. [Make way for Little HERMES, the lightweight bipedal robot](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfZUlRpFm9U)
47. [The science of cornstarch and water](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYTerCbDUzE)
48. [Robo-thread](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INSyV4dgqu8)
49. [Particle robots](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXrljS7wBic)
50. [Backflipping MIT Mini Cheetah](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNeZWP5Mx9s)
51. [Color drops](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSYqytVVe2s)
52. [Jell-O-like, expanding pill](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXr7dKagiAk)
53. [Forest search-and-rescue](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hRNx_0SWGw)
54. [How to mass produce cell-sized robots](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgxibgMO-Vg)
55. [Vision-free MIT Cheetah](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZ1DaQgg3lE)
56. [Magnetic shape-shifters](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUt1YKtn6kM)
57. [Tackling the global water crisis](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3u6ZNSaRhfg)
58. [Printable autonomous boats](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktYViivw27A)
59. [Plug-and-play diagnostics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eemu8OMjZ-A)
60. [Seeing through fog](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkR1UowJF0w)
61. [Robo-picker grasps and packs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYuTMtZ2UD8)
62. [Lab on a LEGO](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiNS25kxQIE)
63. [Glowing plants](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hp-vqd8zJM4)
64. [A new way to mix oil and water](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0TtovcwWno)
65. [Neutron stars collide](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgkDoSbHHVU)
66. [Rainer Weiss wins Nobel Prize in physics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XYLzM5x7g0)
67. [The language of color](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5N0C4GaTkM)
68. [Blood testing via sound waves](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROYn2rFjarg)
69. [Self-folding printable structures](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOW8GrAIvzY)
70. [Secrets of the conch shell and its toughness](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEMBmllitbg)
71. [New method removes micropollutants from water](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hceOKw-cjWo)
72. [New coating could prevent pipeline clogging](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Al8swFTN82E)
73. [A light rain can spread soil bacteria far and wide](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F14j8x6eMiQ)
74. [Fast and forceful gel robots](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6vSHmHw1gw)
75. [One of the strongest lightweight materials known](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIcZdc42F0g)
76. [Movable microplatform floating on droplets](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ExwBOc54Ts)
77. [Muscles made of nylon](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3GG4JJQRQA)
78. [Ultra-long-term drug delivery](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfjwKUxenuA)
79. [Predicting the range of droplet sizes for sticky fluids](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weVk7GYzKtQ)
80. [Plant-to-human communication](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4WsCMLnfvo)
81. [Heat-induced shrinkage](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gex2o-Yx700)
82. [Furry Wetsuits](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4a6eSgKWhE)
83. [CarbonCounter: Online app allows consumers to research low-emissions vehicles](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dh0FzB6Jvo8)
84. [MIT Monkey Ballers build a plane for Red Bull Flugtag 2016](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWCvZ_AOBKg)
85. [Seeing the unseen: Thank you to those who keep MIT running](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxYNJINW82A)
86. [Making droplets stick](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NStQ_MasrGs)
87. [Brain imaging at multiple size scales](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ULPT4vYOlg)
88. [Are musical tastes cultural or hardwired in the brain?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMjlZ-0Qm2Q)
89. [New hydrogel that doesn't dry out](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mrcNc5UT0BM)
90. [LIGO again detects gravitational waves](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biwlfcljx9Q)
91. [The History of Making Books: Build a Printing Press at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioPT8oDoG_I)
92. [Ingestible origami robot](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Waj08gk7v8)
93. [Engineering a second skin](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkpT5BihMio)
94. [Spotting hidden activity in cells](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHJIEpsFFDY)
95. [Particles attract across long distances](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZZcgBmS5W4)
96. [Chocolate-inspired theory predicts thickness of coatings](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbl2pJLSoyU)
97. [Processing emotions](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kOJx8tYlbGo)
98. [Making Creativity Visible: The MIT Museum Studio and Compton Gallery](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAH2pkRolqw)
99. [Mapping whale calls reveal feeding in species-specific hotspots](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SA1Y4WNH7Uw)
100. [New prediction tool gives warning of incoming rogue waves](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgALuj6WUbk)
101. [Sea sponge could be the first animal on Earth](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKfNVYCu6Us)
102. [MIT's Independent Activities Period: A Visual Journey](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBmhgsPntXA)
103. [Material may offer cheaper alternative to smart windows](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyuskPP-xiE)
104. [One step closer to fusion power](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLI6QW2x4Lg)
105. [Tracing a cellular family tree](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7oW9xrEQ3A)
106. [Microscope creates near-real-time videos of nanoscale processes](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1J9N5ZxRqc)
107. [A more inclusive MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33lJ-eeKt5E)
108. [Stretchable hydrogel electronics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3TqCrLUgC0)
109. [Imaging brain proteins](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AGT5AXPsxU)
110. [Ingestible sensor can measure heart and breathing rates](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zq8cfLv84Q)
111. [A Moment in Time: Time capsule found during construction at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0MVqBbOIss)
112. [Gordon-MIT Engineering Leadership Program](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgSJhziz7ns)
113. [New Earth-like exoplanet discovered](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nbNnU2bcII)
114. [Newly engineered water superglue](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8uLu1w53AU)
115. [Bedrock weathering based on topography](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OlE41VOB94)
116. [Controlling the bubbles of boiling water](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XtekyM8awWc)
117. [Climate change could bring deadly heat to Persian Gulf](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W05c04Ge4-o)
118. [Ultrasound drug delivery](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6BMYNXbwLU)
119. [Strengthening metal at the nanoscale and eliminating defects](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1KiRASnE24)
120. [How the brain encodes time and place](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnM7gt-Gs4Q)
121. [Siberian Traps likely triggered end-Permian mass extinction](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNs9U4qVOII)
122. [Untangling the mechanics of knots](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6cdTxpNB6Y)
123. [Self-driving golf carts](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEdU1urx8zY)
124. [Women's Technology Program at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuEvH1F55cI)
125. [Robot with human reflexes](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-5n2IsdCqU)
126. [Improving robot dexterity](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiqC9emBk00)
127. [Rocket into space with MIT professor and astronaut Jeff Hoffman](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvxqCAkjDxs)
128. [LiquiGlide: Nonstick coatings leave zero waste behind](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxyCLoYfexo)
129. [How air transportation connects the world](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2YnJVIoi6M)
130. [Explained: Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j80jsWFm8Lc)
131. [Robot Origami: Robot self-folds, walks, and completes tasks](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVYz7g-qLjs)
132. [Vanishing friction](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i93peRheUSc)
133. [Thank you MIT: Members of The Class of 2015 say goodbye](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4y8OG57meE)
134. [The Costume Shop at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIxAC7sJOUU)
135. [Observe@MIT: Observing the sky at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEWskDclsIc)
136. [How bombardier beetles bomb](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgqF-ND2XcY)
137. [Magnifying motion](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYp298fhlzk)
138. [NailO: A thumbnail-mounted wireless trackpad](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaGSe5DtxYw)
139. [Detecting rare cancer cells with sound waves](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSRjSFyBW4c)
140. [Parkinson's diagnosis by typing on a keyboard](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pthM_gR6VbQ)
141. [Mega Menger: Building a Menger Sponge at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpmP8OJJ7W4)
142. [Marine shells may help develop responsive, transparent displays](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_BEn17yi2vU)
143. [A simple way to make and reconfigure complex emulsions](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QyZsH-zvEOY)
144. [In the Snow: MIT Winter 2015](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvITE6AZGbE)
145. [Raindrops splash down on leaves, spread pathogens among plants](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9l--FdUEBRA)
146. [Forces Frozen: Structures made from frozen fabrics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8c8SEemAXO0)
147. [Predicting behavior of sickle cells](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrD6xZ5lzYM)
148. [Multifunctional fibers communicate with the brain](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MD2B4HzIvo)
149. [Rainfall can release aerosols, high-speed video shows](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Waqmq_GTyjA)
150. [Club Chem(istry) at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCmNu9vNcyI)
151. [Detecting gases wirelessly with a smartphone](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_-Gxtiqf7E)
152. [Splash! at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHI0mFnaPdQ)
153. [Complex 3-D DNA structures](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1Rn5gf-8ZE)
154. [Reading robots' minds](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utM9zOYXgUY)
155. [MIT Admissions Blogs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ds6RneLR-HI)
156. [Controllable nanoparticles](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KdHksgstcXY)
157. [Untangling coiled cables](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LdYJwPeVMY)
158. [MIT Haystack Observatory](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGTR81lZkLM)
159. [GelSight sensor gives robots touch](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1EBdbe4Nes)
160. [MIT Robotic Cheetah](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMKQbqnXXhQ)
161. [Synthetic squid skin](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kM-e2j8Equg)
162. [Corals as engineers](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCv-HzdhILQ)
163. [Sorting cells with sound waves](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCIW4yeCf6Y)
164. [ALS Ice Bucket Challenge: MIT President L. Rafael Reif](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOokGMre4AM)
165. [LLRISE: Building radars at Lincoln Laboratory](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNBzR1XMXW0)
166. [Magnetic Hair](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gq6SYIrbcrk)
167. [Surfaces can control what's on them](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LrZfVvmvRU)
168. [Vision Correcting Displays](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNdapCs6vR8)
169. [Bamboo Engineering](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3OBbGojx_k)
170. [Gold nanoparticles easily penetrate cells](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxRTYOdR654)
171. [7 Finger Robot](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTJW5YSRZhw)
172. [Squishy Robots](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aozu2C9Kmlg)
173. [Mathematics at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSVHaIWIgUE)
174. [All in the Family: One family, eight employees, 85+ years of service](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3E2STwZZ4s)
175. [Bake your own robot](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1ZKV9oPsoI)
176. [Ballroom Dancing at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmHMLytMY6c)
177. [Neuron Activity in 3-D](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Dotiqbtvoo)
178. [Smartphone-readable microparticles crack down on counterfeiting](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3NWCqp7s1A)
179. [Measuring the migration of river networks](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FnroL1_-l2c)
180. [Autonomous, self-contained soft robotic fish at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSA_zb1ajes)
181. [The Foundry at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QigJaQ0qp4A)
182. [Transparent Displays at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0aw58MUciWw)
183. [Internal waves](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYmRnSRsS7Y)
184. [The FreeD: MIT 'smart tools' meld personal technique with computerized controls](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krRTZqFFn6c)
185. [Droplets break a theoretical time barrier on bouncing](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qQirthIyh0)
186. [MIT Community Service Fund](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdScQ1vqCjY)
187. [Better batteries through biology](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pUVrUIV4xu4)
188. [Self-steering particles](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAxluLtqfHI)
189. [Explained: Quantum Computing](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4E7TCnoek4)
190. [Explained: Optogenetics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nb07TLkJ3Ww)
191. [Explained: Photovoltaics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Cam0uREgPI)
192. [Solving chromosomes' structure](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vB0MncRMp8s)
193. [Moon's craters may overstate the intensity of early asteroid impacts](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cckOICHO6Kg)
194. [TIM the Beaver: MIT's mascot since 1914](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kf4GP2-vSvQ)
195. [Small cubes that self-assemble](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6aZbJS6LZbs)
196. [Explained: Exoplanets](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnAXMhcPDiE)
197. [MIT students can fly (in reduced gravity)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hvpp7Ado3nE)
198. [Keeping Mars rovers rolling](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=md1we6_Kaks)
199. [Public Art at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiThFp2HA6o)
200. [Be our guest: The tour guides of MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5_asXAkSZw)
201. [The MIT Sailing Pavilion](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bONoGqSx2I)
202. [MIT's Student Loan Art Program](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9gDRcDXK7w)
203. [MIT's automated 'coach' helps with social interactions](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krdwB8bfXLQ)
204. [MIT Glass Lab: Where art meets science](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayP_04cQseQ)
205. [MIT in Mourning - Remembering Officer Sean Collier](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmOJGYbWpSw)
206. [MIT Hobby Shop](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IC0J-boGils)
207. [Nanowires can lift liquids without power](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=giXyKNDlXP4)
208. [OrigaMIT: MIT's Origami Club](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-2Tt4g5Dw0)
209. [MIT-developed coating could prevent frost buildup](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TNLPVP0B6E)
210. [MIT teaches robots to adapt](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJg9YcO1lfc)
211. [Imaging Zebrafish at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-YTwlCUzWM)
212. [MIT's Laboratory for Chocolate Science](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6oyV5Gj3ng)
213. [MIT's Annual Cardboard Boat Regatta](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvjjFhyZZps)
214. [Water-repellent surfaces that last](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rW2TGIxKWmY)
215. [Stopping a leak the way blood does](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_p9EdIezrMA)
216. [Jumping water droplets improve power-plant efficiency](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qv1sUHnaGVI)
217. [Artificial muscles at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXujS-Nr7o0)
218. [MIT gives back to the community](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xl7ZpH4MrVo)
219. [The Tech Model Railroad Club of MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STVdCJaG0bY)
220. [(Tiny) Reconfigurable Robots at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQf0qsRTsoA)
221. [Spider silk makes music at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hyAe3uMwQY)
222. [Understanding Arctic Sea Ice at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce1INgtypWk)
223. [Spinning fibers at the nanoscale at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWGPW1tS38U)
224. [Happy Thanksgiving from MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEsmXLXM81Y)
225. [Harnessing the Wind at MIT: Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAFzfwdmhyo)
226. [The Listening Room - MIT's Music Program](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCHVmWETEQI)
227. [Felice Frankel on Visualizing Strategies](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAFjfacIvfU)
228. [Deflecting an asteroid, with paintballs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auSr_aO_gRo)
229. [Neuron imaging at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZjTbz_RyENM)
230. [Seeing the light with MIT's Christoph Reinhart](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unGphe9hziA)
231. [Drawing carbon nanotubes on paper at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWTrZxt4j50)
232. [In Profile: MIT's Catherine Tucker](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjnmjJ1K6Dg)
233. [Automatic building mapping at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SY7rScDd5h8)
234. [Getting (drugs) under your skin](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmxtVgZ3RWc)
235. [Chris Zegras - Transportation at MIT & around the world](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUDH6RWiNnc)
236. [Cleaning up oil spills with magnets at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZaP7XOjsCHQ)
237. [Keeping MIT running 24/7](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqdzg-Rqv64)
238. [Robot building and barefoot running with MIT's Russ Tedrake](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-XY62nkfNc)
239. [Microthrusters propel small satellites at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHVkc2JwAuI)
240. [Growing implant tissue on 3-D scaffolds](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCYt8g8oYJU)
241. [Soft autonomous earthworm robot at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXkf62qGFII)
242. [Autonomous robotic plane flies indoors at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYs215TgI7c)
243. [Cell division and growth rate at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tnc6lqLSFR8)
244. [Making Wrinkles](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgV40-PnE5s)
245. [The role of U.S. airports in disease epidemics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzhKyD19ZEY)
246. [River networks on Titan](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bx6kvL9Ia-I)
247. [An "intelligent co-pilot" for cars](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouQYfWxEmP8)
248. [Glasses-free 3-D TV at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJWJMh1PmR4)
249. [A new approach to water desalination](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5Tjy_90WBU)
250. [Making the invisible visible in video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVlC_-e-4yg)
251. [Mapping the moon's Shackleton crater](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j2NAZODSdwM)
252. [Sharper ultrasound images could improve diagnostics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nE6atAvoTY)
253. [Tinier Wires](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPgXkWDgTFE)
254. [Public service projects from MIT's Class of 2012](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ICkIgDRL-s)
255. [MIT's Brass Rat: A Vietnam War ring mystery](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-F2O8lPh4k)
256. [Is that smile real or fake?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYmgCQjgXQU)
257. [Jet-injected drugs may mean the end of needles](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M09LyLqb5qw)
258. [L. Rafael Reif selected as the 17th president of MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKH7em4IO30)
259. [Making wrinkles - hydrogels that collapse into complex shapes may aid in drug delivery](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHsJFS-KALg)
260. [the MIT Science Fiction Society](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edi48h_HYj4)
261. [Fog-free glass](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8he2oKAR8IE)
262. [Professor Anant Agarwal on MITx](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TwKajOHVYwg)
263. [Shifting sands](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=azldMtSJbfw)
264. [Smart sand & robot pebbles](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okciiW26A6c)
265. [the Buckliball](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKdWa8aIqno)
266. [Daron Acemoglu on Why Nations Fail](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2z5RAZlv2UQ)
267. [The Paradiso Synthesizer](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QiOwxyRLPis)
268. [Weather in a tank](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWdKVpQ94Ns)
269. [Greenhouse Gas Can Find a Home Underground](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95QUfea-e3o)
270. [Guiding robot planes with hand gestures](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjVmLA8_uHY)
271. [Optimal paths for automated underwater vehicles (AUVs)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtnOgefsm0w)
272. [Studying scientists with Pierre Azoulay](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDU-CM2k16c)
273. [Mysterious electron acceleration explained](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyWhOuAdbYM)
274. [Unique languages, universal patterns](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wIWiR9anx04)
275. [Making Nanodroplets Drop Faster](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-aYV0DDuak)
276. [Moving past trial-and-error with Richard Braatz](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xG0NU97EO8k)
277. [Harnessing nature's solar cells](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EeRSQUw4qp4)
278. [Michael Demkowicz - Extreme materials](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9m_DB71RQ8)
279. [Bob Weinberg and cancer](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00HN7CAsvSk)
280. [Bill Gates - Bright minds and big problems](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_mgBvZkba0)
281. [President Obama at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnIlVOAspb8)
282. [Leveraged Freedom Chair (LFC)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIJ-BB2eb3E)
283. [MIT's Jeffrey Grossman - Solving energy problems, one molecule at a time](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0p5uecZ_p5M)
284. [MIT's Polina Golland - The quantifier](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnxFy8V1-e8)
285. [Visualizing video at the speed of light — one trillion frames per second](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtsXgODHMWk)
286. [Doing double duty: MIT's Collin Stultz](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUfTsorZnHU)
287. [MIT's Mentor Advocate Partnership (MAP) Program](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNXJmlCCOZ8)
288. [Caspar Hare - How we (should) decide](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idUimJpx5b4)
289. [MIT-Pfizer Groundbreaking](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tg1EEnA9udQ)
290. [Seeing through walls - MIT's Lincoln Laboratory](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5xmo7iJ7KA)
291. [Ramesh Raskar: Super-human vision](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXaRPMDmoDs)
292. [Heather Paxson - The anthropologist and the person](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCoPwTopGqA)
293. [Cardiac patches of gold](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbF3PFrejqc)
294. [MIT Media Lab: 3-D printing with variable densities](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nFyuxGEhzY)
295. [The Interphase Program at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Guqt6p1R35c)
296. [MIT Edgerton Center - Summer Engineering Design Workshop](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLG3-9oeMOQ)
297. [Rubik's Cube(s)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZUoa9Wx7XQ)
298. [Cell density](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5M_C_P02DQ)
299. [Self-oscillating gels at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_EQY2x7avWo)
300. [The Green Grease Project at MIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttYHJB6izu4)
301. [Remembering Ron McNair - 25th Anniversary of Challenger disaster](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZSPK1h3g2A)
302. [Holographic TV](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LW8wgmfpTE)
303. [Autonomous Parking - MIT AgeLab](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68JxuP-EbPk)
304. [Greenhouse Gases - MIT Professor David Simchi-Levi](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXZy9MOagMk)
305. [Solar fuel - MIT Professor Jeffrey Grossman](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbLF2u2XBYc)
306. [Folding a solar cell into an airplane](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKbiX0kdpRA)
307. [Claude Canizares Chandra X-ray Observatory](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYnVUapi0qg)
308. [Public-health networks](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn9s2rt7PBs)
309. [Healing Haiti](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzTNF-xjIPQ)
310. [MIT's Electric Vehicle Team](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahO7ZHNxY48)
311. [A peek into MIT's new Media Lab complex](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocNg_19exzk)
312. [MIT Media Lab Medical Mirror](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyWnvAWEbWE)
313. [MIT Professor James Wescoat](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHOA4ebgyp4)
314. [Thomas Malone on collective intelligence](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CbR6RaU5SX0)
315. [Tod Machover - 'Death and the Powers;' a robotic opera](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPp9juefl2Y)
316. [Check out THIS balloon](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93AOvoUXEW4)
317. [A labelmaker for the blind](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3MGY0URAXQ)
318. [Community Gardens - color](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YsDqIs8M4I)

## Transcrições

### Have a conversation with your future self
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IcYx-hmo3A

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### More than a job: MIT Police Officer Yessenia Gomez
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewCCRtvRLEo

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### Space Architecture
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rnJAyeCTIE

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### Quantum Explained
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jk0jWzlvA5w

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### Moooving the needle on methane
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWJ66XQNQmE

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### Printing furniture with liquid metal
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H93W-CiOT4A

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### An innovative side of sneaker design
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXiTxDKamcg

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### This 3D printer can watch itself fabricate objects
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mw9hYHoD46o

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### Shape-shifting fiber can produce morphing fabrics
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLXu9fIfZzk

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### Ways of seeing
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbdTIqzJOyQ

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### Seeing the 3D genome like never before
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oybAJIeVT-s

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### Robo-gripper grasps by reflex
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxDi-HEpXn4

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### Patient-specific, 3D-printed, soft-robotic hearts
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52qNGqBbTQA

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---

### Paper-thin solar cell can turn any surface into a power source
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TS9ADU0oc50

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### Assembler robots could eventually build almost anything
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G94FDMGLwCc

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### Stretchy, color-shifting materials
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-BH7164GaM

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### Ultrasound Sticker
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kn2J8W4csNc

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### Robotic system can locate and retrieve hidden items
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFqz263uPN0

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### Robotic lightning bugs
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5ZJOhkSRWk

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### A paper-thin loudspeaker plays "We Are the Champions" by Queen
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pABxdxTuAY8

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### How to clean solar panels without water
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epX9kUuDmgY

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### Giving bug-like, flying robots a boost
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_YD01uuGtE

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### One giant leap for the mini cheetah
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqwldNLHE9w

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### Robotic fibers can make breath-monitoring garments
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDT7Nt_sBqQ

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### MIT economist Joshua Angrist shares Nobel Prize
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDfMgrxpwV8

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### Lending a Hand
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9BKLWcl6RU

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### A Star in a Bottle: The Quest for Commercial Fusion
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdoI1X5m96s

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### Crystal critters
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpV1t4pvqrA

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### Ultrasound has potential to damage coronaviruses
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQmbejg8OSI

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### Insect-like robots
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50_kK9phHy8

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### Origami-inspired medical patch for sealing internal injuries
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pmd4Z7hjQA

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### Covid-19 vaccines arrive at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ff0wYvW2JKs

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### Arctic eddies
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4XjudOfWtg

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### New system can sterilize medical tools using solar heat
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=665yIOWMDZg

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### AUDIO: New AI model detects asymptomatic Covid-19 infections
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2z1_sDNoLo

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### Extracting drinkable water from the air
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hoXj-j0VSTA

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---

### Testing wastewater to help detect Covid-19
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysZsx5wS2YM

Idioma: en

KATYA MONIZ: Our goal
in this initiative
is to establish and validate
a wastewater-based system
to monitor COVID-19 on campus.
And this is complementary to
all the medical testing that's
being done here at MIT Medical.
Wastewater is incredibly
rich source of information
about public health.
A lot of pathogens,
including SARS-CoV-2,
are excreted in stool, and
are detectable in wastewater
at very, very low levels.
So for instance,
wastewater reflects
everyone who is infected
and shedding the virus,
not just people who
are symptomatic.
It can actually be
a leading indicator
of what's detected in the
clinic because there's
no lag between when the
person gets the virus
and starts shedding and
when they feel sick enough
to go to their doctor and maybe
get access to a clinical test.
CARLO FANONE: The apparatus we
use and the system we're using
is very simple.
We modify our sanitary
piping, and specifically
the clean-out section, and
we insert a gripper plug.
We then create a test port
out of that modification,
and we put pick-up tubing
inside the sanitary line
to collect the samples
used for testing.
The device that
collects those samples
contains a motor, a pump,
and a timer and containers.
The samples that
we do not use get
pumped back through
the exact same line,
back into the sanitary line.
DAMON BAPTISTA: MIT's
Environment, Health
and Safety Office is
an integrated office
of safety professionals from
a wide variety of disciplines.
When we look at certain
things for this project,
one of the things is what
kind of personal protective
equipment will the people wear.
Some examples are safety
glasses and gloves.
For this project,
in particular, we
looked at some of the
sampling protocols.
So the technicians will
come to the site every day.
They open up this box.
Inside, there is a
container with the samples.
They withdraw a small
amount of that sample.
They put it into
a collection tube.
They close that tube tightly.
They put some
plastic wrap on it,
called parafilm,
to avoid any leaks.
They put that in a bag.
They put that in a cooler
that gets delivered
to the lab for processing.
AMY XIAO: The first thing we do
is we inactivate the wastewater
to make sure that everyone
in the lab is safe.
Next, we enrich for
the viral particles
inside the wastewater.
And then we break
the viral particles
open to get their RNA.
Then after that, it's basically
the same thing as the CDC swab
test, where we do a PCR.
And that will tell us if the
virus is in the wastewater,
and if so, how many
viruses were in there.
KATYA MONIZ: So
what this is going
to look like for
the fall semester
is we're rolling this program
out in seven buildings
across campus, and we
are collecting samples
around the clock.
So to ensure that this
wastewater-based method is
effective, we will
validate our results
against anonymized,
fully de-identified data
from MIT Medical.
We're only looking at COVID-19.
We're not using wastewater
to detect anything else.
There is no personally
identifiable information
that we're going to derive
from this wastewater.
So our hope is to establish a
wastewater-based system that
will complement our
medical efforts right now
to track COVID-19 in
the current pandemic,
but also be something
that we can have
as a platform in the future
to track other diseases, so
for instance influenza
or norovirus,
or other health concerns
in the MIT community.
CARLO FANONE: This has been
an amazing collaboration
across many groups and
departments here at MIT,
and we're very grateful
for everybody's support.
[MUSIC PLAYING]

---

### A completely flat fisheye lens
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqVWW2n3Hpk

Idioma: en

NARRATOR: A team of
engineers at MIT,
and the University of
Massachusetts at Lowell,
have designed a wide angle
lens that is completely flat.
The design is a
type of metalens,
which is a wafer thin
material, patterned
with microscopic features that
work together to manipulate
light in a specific way.
In this case, their new
ultra wide angle lens
consists of a single flat
millimeter thin piece of glass,
covered on one side
with tiny structures
that precisely scatter
incoming light,
to produce panoramic images.
As of now their flat lens
works in the infrared part
of the spectrum,
but the researchers
say it could be modified
to capture images
using visible light as well.
MIKHAIL SHALAGINOV: I
would like to show you
our experimental set up
for testing the imaging
capabilities of the metalens.
So here we have infrared laser,
infrared camera, metalens
and the the target.
And now we are going to
track the particular pattern
and change the
position of the camera,
from normal incidence
to 180 degrees.
NARRATOR: In their
lab demonstration,
the team used the imaging setup
equipped with the metalens
to snap pictures of
a striped target.
They then compared the
quality of pictures
taken at various angles
across the scene,
and found the new
lens produced images
of stripes that were
crisp and clear, even
at the edges of
the camera's view,
spanning nearly 180 degrees.
Previously, scientists
have designed metalenses
that produce high resolution
and relatively wide angle
images of up to 60 degrees.
To expand the field of view
further would traditionally
require additional
optical components
to correct for
aberrations, or blurriness.
A work around that would add
bulk to the metalens design.
But this team of
researchers instead,
came up with a simple
design that does not
require additional components.
The researchers
are now exploring
applications for their
new lens, not just as
compact fisheye cameras, but
also as panoramic projectors,
as well as depth sensors, built
directly into smartphones,
laptops, and wearable devices.

---

### Possible signs of life on Venus
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCXF8FUux74

Idioma: en

CLARA SOUSA-SILVA: Finding
signs of life on other planets
beyond the Earth would be a
way of answering the biggest
questions that we've
had as a species so far.
Where do we come from?
Are we alone?
Of course these questions
are not the exclusive purview
of scientists.
People have been asking
them for as long as
is any record of them being
able to ask these questions.
What is special about this
moment and our role in it
as scientist, is that
for the first time
we're actually able, because
we have the tools to answer
these questions.
JANUSZ PETKOWSKI: So a group of
scientists, led by Jane Greaves
from the University of Cardiff,
were looking for signs,
for chemical signs on Venus,
that shouldn't belong there.
And one of such
molecules is phosphine.
And they, unexpectedly,
they actually
were able to find a signal
that belongs to this molecule.
So then, we raced
to figure out what
could be the reason
for phosphine on Venus.
And this is where
our MIT team comes.
When we actually looked at all
kinds of processes, chemical
and physical, that could
potentially produce phosphine
in Venusian environments.
This is a atmosphere.
The surface of the planet is
completely, completely uninhabited.
The atmosphere is the only
place in which life actually
could in principle exist.
There is a belt of clouds.
And we concluded that there is
no known chemical and physical
process that could
conceivably produce phosphine.
So this adds to the
mystery of Venus.
And then, this opens a
rather bold possibility
that there might be something
living in the clouds of Venus.
CLARA SOUSA-SILVA: Phosphine
is my favorite molecule.
And it looks more
or less like this,
a phosphorous atom on
top, and three hydrogens
in the base of this pyramid.
And phosphine is an extremely
difficult molecule to make.
It is only spontaneously
made in extreme environments.
Such as what you find in the
hellish depths of Jupiter
and Saturn.
It is otherwise only made either
naturally by life on Earth
or artificially by humans,
as a fumigant for example.
JANUSZ PETKOWSKI:
So the question
is why it is actually
a staggering discovery.
Why it is so important?
Well, there are a couple of
angles that you can actually
answer that question.
One, the first,
is that phosphine
is absolutely unexpected.
It cannot be produced
on the rocky planets.
At least we don't know of
any known processes, chemical
or physical, that can
produce phosphine.
Which means, either
our understanding
of the physics and chemistry
of the rocky planets
is severely
incomplete, or there is
some chemistry, that is so
unbelievably weird, that it
could even be life.
CLARA SOUSA-SILVA: If we
have indeed found life
outside the Earth, it puts our
own existence into perspective.
But it also tells us that
life would be much more
common than we first imagined.
And there is a huge
array of possibilities
out there in the galaxy of life
with different biochemistries
and desire.
And of course, if
we have found life
right next door in a
planetary neighbor,
that would be so cool.

---

### Robot takes contact-free measurements of patients' vital signs
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YvSdbwh41I

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Lining the GI tract
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ns7Xwo48RTo

Idioma: en

So one of the things
that we set out to do here
in collaboration with
The Gates Foundation,
was develop systems that, you know,
have a potential of making it easier
for children to receive their medication.
The key challenges that children have
are having to take solids,
so whether it'll be a tablet or a capsule.
So one of the things
we wanted to think about
and try and develop
was a system that could be
ingested, but as a liquid.
And we wanted a system
that could somehow extend
a longer period of time for
that drug to be absorbed.
- [Female Voiceover] The researchers took
their inspiration from nature
and began to experiment with
a polymer called Polydopamine,
which is a component
of the sticky substance
that mussels secrete to
help them cling to rocks.
They discovered that an
enzyme called Catalase,
which is found throughout
the digestive tract,
with especially high levels
in the upper region of
the small intestine,
could help assemble molecules of Dopamine
into the Polydopamine polymer.
Through their lab experiments,
the researchers show that
if they deliver Dopamine
in a liquid solution
along with a tiny amount
of Hydrogen Peroxide,
Catalase in the small
intestine will break down
the Hydrogen Peroxide
into water and oxygen.
The oxygen then helps Dopamine
molecules to join together
into the Polydopamine polymer.
The darker color signals
the transformation
into the Polydopamine polymer.
- So what we developed
here is essentially a film
that forms right over the small intestine.
And one of the things we recognized
was that we could embed drugs in there
and have those drugs be
absorbed over longer periods.
But what we also recognized
is that we could use that film
to hold different tools.
So one of the other
tools that we recognized
that we could really include here
were enzymes to help with digestion.
- [Female Voiceover]
The researchers showed
that they could embed the
polymer with tiny crosslinkers
that make the coating impenetrable
to glucose, and potentially,
other molecules.
This could ultimately help in management
of diabetes, obesity or
other metabolic disorders.

---

### Sliding through a syringe
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mFFJwS3xqA

Idioma: en

- [Narrator] Biologic drugs are used
to treat a wide range of
diseases and disorders.
They can be tailored to a
specific patient's needs,
giving them an element of personalization
that assists in their
efficacy and is why, globally,
people are pushing toward biologic drugs.
However, the required injection force
for biologic formulations
designed for subcutaneous
injections can exceed
what is possible to apply manually,
due to their high viscosities,
and the more concentrated
these biologics are,
the more viscous they become.
You can imagine trying to
inject honey through a needle
and how difficult that would be.
As a result, the drugs are often diluted
and given intravenously,
which requires a visit to a
hospital or a doctor's office.
However, now, a team of MIT
researchers have developed
a simple, low-cost technology
that makes it possible
to easily inject high-concentration drugs
and other therapies.
Their device consists of a syringe
with two barrels, one inside the other,
with the inner tube
delivering the viscous drugs
and the surrounding tube
delivering a thin coating
of lubricant to the drug
as it enters the needle.
With the lubricant, the researchers found
seven times less force was needed
for the highest viscosity tested,
effectively allowing the injection
of any of the more than 100 drugs
otherwise considered too viscous
to be administered that way.
Because the lubricated
fluid passes more easily
through the needle,
the viscous payload undergoes
minimal shear stress,
and for this reason, the researchers say
their system could also be useful
for 3D bioprinting of tissues
made of natural components,
where tissues and cells can
be destroyed by shear damage.
This technology could help
democratize access to healthcare
by making it possible for people
to self-administer
highly-concentrated drugs or vaccines.
Whether their technology
will make a difference
as researchers hunt for
COVID-19 vaccine possibilities
and treatments is unclear.
The researchers say, however,
that it widens the options
as different drug
formulations are considered.
(synthesizer music)

---

### Tips for surviving social distancing from an MIT astronaut
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezyxCk8e2zc

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
Keeping our distance from each other for an extended period
of time is the most effective way to reduce COVID-19 spread.
But the prospect of prolonged social isolation
is uncharted territory for many of us.
To get some insight on how we might navigate
this period of social separation,
MIT News checked in with MIT alumna and former astronaut
Cady Coleman, who perhaps had the ultimate isolation
experience.
Cady spent months at a time on the International Space
Station.
While orbiting some 250 miles above Earth, Cady,
with other astronauts, lived and worked in quarters that are
about the size of a six-bedroom house,
with only occasional opportunities to step outside--
on spacewalks to repair or maintain the station.
Despite being physically isolated from the rest
of the world for months at a time,
the astronauts found ways to bridge the distance
with family and friends--
by talking on the phone or through video chats.
But just as importantly, they also
made sure to find time for themselves
and embrace their isolation.
Cady Coleman flew on the space shuttle
twice and served a long-duration mission
for six months aboard the Space Station as a NASA astronaut.
Here, Cady shares with us some of the lessons
she learned from living in space and how we can all
commit to a mission to live, at least for now, at a distance.
I think that what makes everything work is the mission.
As an astronaut, I was on the forward edge of exploration,
representing the many people who make the ISS mission
and experiments happen.
Right now, our mission is to keep each other safe here
on Earth.
I think that keeping that mission in mind
makes it much easier to wash your hands that one more
time when you really don't feel like it and to tell friends who
are more casual about social distancing things like,
no, I really don't think it's safe to do that
together right now.
The challenging times of isolation in space
is something only a select few may experience
during their lifetime.
But feelings of isolation can be felt here on Earth right now.
Currently, people across the globe
are facing the challenge of forced isolation
that, with the overall anxiety surrounding this novel virus,
have many finding it harder to cope than anticipated.
Coleman remembers the more challenging times
she had to work through during her time on ISS
and shares some advice on how to get through, and even embrace,
this social distancing period.
We had one crew member whose mom passed away fairly unexpectedly
while we were in space.
We established that we'd have our own memorial
service at the same time as the funeral back home.
And when I looked at the world map,
I realized that we were going to be passing over his hometown
at the time of the funeral.
So the six of us were there in the cupola together,
and we had a few moments of silence.
And I really felt we were together
with all the family on the ground.
There are lots of things we can't control now.
What are the things we can?
We can control the things we learn.
And I'm thinking I may take some Skype
lessons for playing the flute.
And learning Chinese has always been on my list,
as well as practicing Russian.
There are projects I have on my list, from finishing my website
to cleaning out my attic.
And right now, it feels like I may,
in a joyful and not-so-joyful way, get them all done.
There's little doubt life will be different for all of us
in the coming months, much like life
was very different for those working
for long periods of time on the International Space Station.
Everyone's circumstances are different,
but we are all in this together and must try and stay strong.
Cady Coleman suggests trying to take time for yourself
while you have the opportunity.
I think about the things I wish I did when
I was up on the Space Station.
One is get enough sleep.
Probably my whole life, I've never
gotten enough sleep, especially at MIT, right?
So taking care of yourself is a really good thing.
Prioritize that.
And also, some kind of journaling or recording--
jot a few notes.
Capture this time for yourself whether you plan
to share it with anyone or not.
Take pictures that help people realize what it was like
for you, because your experiences may
be valuable to others in the future.
When the mission you've chosen forces you to be isolated,
you find a way to be the best you can.
Thanks for listening.
You can find more audio content from MIT on Apple Podcasts,
Google Play, Spotify, or wherever
you find your podcasts.

---

### How to get conductive gels to stick when wet
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpHBcr7up3M

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
Polymers can offer a
variety of advantages
in biomedical devices.
Specifically, polymers that are
good conductors of electricity
could help with sensing
or electrostimulation,
for example.
But there's one main problem--
their inability to adhere
to a surface and stay
put despite the
introduction of moisture,
perhaps from the body.
Currently, electrodes used
for biomedical devices
are made of materials in which
stiffness is a major drawback.
Because they can't flex and
stretch as the body moves,
they can damage
delicate tissues.
In contrast, conductive
polymers can very closely
match the softness
and flexibility
of the tissues in the body.
But until now, there hasn't been
a way for them to remain stable
in wet environments.
A new adhesive method developed
by a team of MIT engineers
has been designed
to remain intact
even when submerged in water.
Their method involves an
extremely thin adhesive layer
between the conductive polymer
and the substrate material.
Though only a few
nanometers thick,
this layer penetrates
into the polymer itself,
producing a tough, durable,
protective structure that
keeps the material in place even
when exposed for long periods
to a wet environment.
The coating the researchers
used in their tests
is made of a hydrophilic or
water-retracting polyurethane
that is readily available
and inexpensive, though they
say other similar polymers
could also be used.
The adhesive layer could
be applied to the devices
by a variety of standard
manufacturing processes,
including spin coating, spray
coating, and dip coating,
making it easy to integrate with
existing fabrication platforms.
And because the adhesive layer
allows the conductive material
to remain stable in
wet environments,
the researchers say
this could allow
for the development
of biomedical devices
that are reliable and
stable within the body.
The researchers say,
before this technology can
be deployed into the
field, the material
will require longer,
more rigorous testing
to confirm stability over
long periods of time.
[MUSIC PLAYING]

---

### 3D printing with living organisms
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gL_KuEu9ABQ

Idioma: en

(innovative music)
- [Narrator] The process
of making a physical object
from a three-dimensional
digital model is nothing new.
These days, 3D printing is everywhere.
Users are constantly
coming up with new ways
to utilize this technology
to revolutionize a field
or fabrication process.
And now, an interdisciplinary
team of researchers
from MIT and elsewhere
have developed a new
way to print 3D objects
that can control living
organisms in predictable ways.
- We're looking into ways that
you can begin to integrate
the tools we now have
in genetic engineering
into the processes for
digital fabrication.
When we 3D print, we utilize
a multi-material 3D printer.
One thing that we're doing differently
is beginning to integrate chemical signals
into the resins that we use.
These chemical signals
allow the 3D printed part
to communicate to the cells
that live on the surface
of the 3D printer.
And in that way,
the 3D print has a pre-programmed
control over the genes
that are expressed on the
surface of the 3D printer.
- [Narrator] For their initial
proof-of-concept experiments,
the team incorporated various chemicals
into the 3D printing process.
These chemicals then act as signals
to activate certain responses
in biologically engineered microbes,
which are spray-coated
onto the printer object.
Once added, the microbes
display specific colors
or fluorescence in response
to the chemical signals.
These colors, the researchers say,
demonstrate the successful
incorporation of the living cells
to the surface of the 3D-printed material
and the cell's activation in
response to the chemicals.
- Each color that you see appearing
on the surface of these prints
is actually the product
of an enzymatic reaction
which is occurring because a
cell has been given the signal
to turn a gene on or off.
What's interesting is
anywhere that you see
a color being expressed
could very easily also be any other type
of bio-synthetic product
created by a bacteria.
That way, what you have
is a new class of material
that acts like a responsive
or almost a pre-programmed
intelligent material surface.
- [Narrator] The researchers
call this new class of material
hybrid living materials,
or HLMs, for short.
The objective is to make
a robust design tool
for producing objects
and devices incorporating
living biological elements,
made in a way that is as
predictable and scalable
as other industrial processes.
The printing platform the team used
allows the material properties
of the printed object
to be varied precisely and continuously
between different parts of the structure,
with some sections stiffer
and others more flexible.
Some are more absorbent and
others liquid-repellent.
Such variations could
be used in the design
of biomedical devices that can
provide strength and support,
while also being soft and pliable
to provide comfort in places
where they are in contact with the body.
The researchers suggest that
useful chemical substances
such as vitamins, antibodies,
or antimicrobial drugs could be integrated
into a wearable interface
customized to fit
the physical body and
biomarkers of its user.
Or, consider smart packaging
that can detect contamination
or environmentally responsive
architectural skins
that can respond and adapt
in real-time to environmental cues.
(innovative music)

---

### Make way for Little HERMES, the lightweight bipedal robot
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfZUlRpFm9U

Idioma: en

This work presents a
teleoperation policy
to dynamically synchronize the
locomotion of a human operator
and the locomotion
of a bipedal robot.
All the motions you
see in this video
are commanded in real
time by the operator.
They are not
pre-programmed actions.
To achieve this we captured
human locomotion data,
including torso and feet
spatial position, as well as
the magnitude and location of
the net ground contact force.
We condensed this information
using a simple model
for legged locomotion, the
linear inverted pendulum, which
is represented by the line that
connects the center of mass
and the center of pressure.
To make the robot
dynamically move in synchrony
with the operator, we
first captured human motion
trajectory, and condensed this
data using the pendulum model.
The motion is
fundamentally described
by the translation
of the center of mass
and the center of the pressure.
Next we scaled the motion
of the pendulum model
to robot proportions.
In this work the machine is
about 1/3 of a human size,
and substantially lighter.
Finally, the robot
internalizes the reference
from this simple model to
compute the contact forces
for each put, and reproduced
the movement of the operator.
Additionally, a feedback
force shown in red
is applied to the
operator to make sure
that the human movement
is synchronized
with the motion of a much
smaller and lighter robot.
This force is proportional to
the relative motion velocity
between human and robot.
When human and machine
are dynamically
synchronized via
teleoperation, the operator
commands the bipedal
robot to take steps
in place, or even jump.
These results represent
a fundamental solution
to combining human motor
control intelligence
with the physical
robustness of robots.

---

### The science of cornstarch and water
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYTerCbDUzE

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
When you mix cornstarch and
water, weird things happen.
Swish it gently in a
bowl, and the mixture
moves like a liquid.
Squeeze it, and it starts
to feel like paste.
Roll it between
your hands, and it
solidifies into a
rubbery ball, until you
try to hold that ball in
the palm of your hand,
and it loses its structure
and dribbles away.
To many who have played
with this material,
perhaps as children, its
strange behavior is nothing new.
But understanding
exactly how why and when
this material will
act a certain way
has always been
rather unpredictable.
But now, a team of
MIT engineers have
developed a mathematical
model that can accurately
predict this material's behavior
under various conditions.
A single particle of cornstarch
is about 1 to 10 microns wide,
and about 100 times smaller
than a grain of sand.
It turns out that particles
at such a small scale
experience effects that
larger particles do not.
Because cornstarch
particles are so small,
they can be influenced
by temperature
and by electric
charges that build up
between them, which causes
them to slightly repel
against each other.
So as long as you move
slowly, the grains
will repel and slide past
each other like a fluid.
But if you do anything too fast,
you'll overcome that repulsion.
The particles will touch,
there will be friction,
and it will act as a solid.
The researchers incorporated
equations into their model
to describe the effects
of particle repulsion
and the speed at which the
material is deformed to predict
whether it would behave
as a solid or a liquid
under various scenarios.
The researchers
say the new model
can be used to explore how
various ultra-fine particle
solutions, such as
cornstarch and water,
behave when put to
use as, for instance,
fillings for potholes
or bulletproof vests.

---

### Robo-thread
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INSyV4dgqu8

Idioma: en

MIT engineers have developed
a thread-like robot
that can actively glide through
narrow, winding pathways,
such as the vasculature
of the brain.
This magnetically-controlled
device
is a hydrogel-coated
robotic thread or guide
wire that could be used to
deliver clot-reducing therapies
and other treatments in response
to certain brain blockages,
such as stroke or aneurysms.
To clear blood
clots in the brain,
doctors often perform a
minimally invasive surgery
in which a surgeon inserts a
thin wire through a patient's
main artery typically
in the leg or groin,
then manually
manipulate the wire up
to the damaged brain vessel.
These medical guide wires
used in such procedures
are passive and require
surgeons specifically
trained in the task.
They are also made of a core
of metallic alloys coated
in polymer, a material
that the researchers say
could potentially generate
friction and damage vessel
linings if the wire
were to get stuck
in a particularly tight space.
To help improve such
endovascular procedures,
the MIT engineers
combined their work
in hydrogels and
magnetic actuation
to produce a
magnetically steerable
hydrogel-coated
robotic thread, which
they were able to
make thin enough
to guide through a life-sized
silicone replica of the brain's
blood vessels.
The core of the
robotic thread is
made from nickel titanium
alloy, a material that
is both bendy and springy.
The team then coated the wire's
core in a rubbery paste or ink,
which they embedded throughout
with magnetic particles.
Finally, they used
a chemical process
they previously developed
to coat and bond
the magnetic covering with
hydrogel, a material that
does not affect
the responsiveness
of the underlying
magnetic particles
and, yet, provides the wire
with a smooth, friction-free
biocompatible surface.
They demonstrated the
robotic thread's precision
and activation by
using a large magnet
to steer the thread
through an obstacle
course of small rings
reminiscent of a thread working
its way through the
eye of a needle.
The researchers also
tested the thread
in a life-sized silicone replica
of the brain's major blood
vessels, including
clots and aneurysms
modeled after the CT scans
of an actual patient's brain.
The team filled the
silicone vessels
with a liquid simulating
the viscosity of blood, then
manually manipulated a large
magnet around the model
to steer the robot through the
vessel's winding narrow paths.
The researchers say the robotic
thread can be functionalized,
meaning that features can be
added, for example, to deliver
clot-reducing drugs or to break
up blockages with laser light.
Their hope is to soon leverage
existing technologies to test
the robotic thread in vivo.
[MUSIC PLAYING]

---

### Particle robots
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXrljS7wBic

Idioma: en

- [Narrator] A team of researchers
from MIT, Columbia, Cornell,
and Harvard Universities
has developed
computationally simple robots
that connect in large
groups to move around,
transport objects and
complete other tasks.
Made of plastic, magnets
and basic electronics
each robot in this so called
"particle robotics" system
is almost static when isolated.
Designed only to expand and contract.
But when you put a number
of these robots together
they move in time and the system becomes
much more robust.
- We are interested in developing
the science of autonomy.
Particularly when multiple
robots work together.
And for this reason we
designed a robot we call
the particle robot.
The robot is actually inspired by the idea
that natural organisms have cells.
And these cells connect together
and work together to
form larger organisms.
And what we would like
to do with these robots
is study the mechanisms, the principles,
and the algorithms that enable
these robots to come together to form
larger structures that are mobile,
that can be used to perform tasks.
- [Narrator] Because of
their circular shape,
individual robotic
particles can assemble into
many configurations and fluidly navigate
around obstacles, squeeze
through tiny gaps,
and move things along.
Uniquely, none of the individual robots
or particles as the
researchers refer to them,
directly communicate or rely
on each other to function.
So particles can be added or subtracted
without any impact on the larger group.
- So each of the robots we designed
has these magnetic connectors,
which will allow multiple particles
to connect together at any orientation.
And each of the robot
can expand and contract.
- And so by making and
breaking connections
and employing expansion and contraction,
an individual module is able to help move
an entire system of particles
in the desired direction.
- [Narrator] Traditionally,
robots are designed
for one purpose, comprise
many complex parts,
and stop working when
any part malfunctions.
Robots such as these could
enable more scalable,
flexible and robust systems.
- In our future work we plan
to add sensors to this robot to detect
the pushing and pulling
force of each particle.
And we also plan to build a new system
made of much smaller particles.
- [Narrator] One day they hope to have
robotic cells that can be
assembled in different ways
to make different robots.
And perhaps even contain the ability
to develop themselves. As
the systems goals change
it's body could change too.
(upbeat piano music)

---

### Backflipping MIT Mini Cheetah
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNeZWP5Mx9s

Idioma: en

- [Male Voice] Let's try to make him jump.
Go.
(soft thud)
- [Female Voice] Yeah.
(rythmic electronic clanking)
(repeated thudding)
(leaves rustling)
(dog barks)
(rhythmic tapping)
(soft thuds)
(soft whirring)
(loud thud)
(soft whirring)
(clanking and banging)
(yelling)
- [Male Voice] Go.
- [Unison] Yeah.
- [Male Voice] Go.
- [Female Voice] Wow.
- [Male Voice] Yeah.
(thump)
(metallic whirring)
(loud clattering)
(hollow thud)
- [Male Voice] No.
(metallic clattering)
- [Male Voice] Oh.
(loud thudding)
- [Male Voice] Go.
Awww.
(laughs)

---

### Color drops
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSYqytVVe2s

Idioma: en

- [Narrator] A team of scientists
from MIT and Penn State
have observed that, under
the right conditions,
ordinary clear water droplets
on a transparent surface
can produce brilliant colors
without the addition of inks or dyes.
This iridescent effect
is due to what is known
as structural color, by which an object
generates color simply by the way light
interacts with its geometric structure.
In this case, the researchers
were able to observe
and ultimately model how
light travels through droplets
of a particular size when it
enters at a particular angle.
The model they developed
allows them to predict
the color a droplet will produce
given those specific optical
and structural conditions.
The researchers imagined their model
could be used in the
future as a design guide
to produce droplet-based litmus tests,
or color changing powders and inks
in art and makeup
products without the need
for potentially unhealthy synthetic dyes.
At first, the researchers
though the color they observed
might be due to the effect
that can cause rainbows,
but they soon realized it was in fact
something quite different.
They observed that
droplets on a flat surface
were hemispheres rather than spheres,
like the raindrops that cause rainbows.
They found that a
hemisphere's concave surface
allows an optical effect called
total internal reflection
that is mostly not possible
in perfect spheres.
The researchers found
once light makes its way
into a droplet, it can
take different paths,
bouncing two, three, or more times
before exiting at another angle.
The way light rays add up as they exit
determines whether a droplet
will produce color or not
and what color is produced.
The color that droplets produce
also depends on structural conditions
such as the size and
curvature of the droplets.
To test their model, the
team produced a layer
of bi-phase oil droplets
of the exact same size
in a clear Petri dish,
which they illuminated
with a single, fixed, white light.
They then recorded the
droplets with a camera
that circled around the dish,
and observed that the droplets
exhibited brilliant colors
that shifted as the camera circled around.
This demonstrated how
the angle at which light
is seen to enter the droplet
affects the droplet's color.
The team also produced
droplets of various sizes
on a single film, and observed that,
when viewed in a microscope, each droplet
produces a different color
depending on its size,
and the color always emanates
from the contact lines
between the various liquids.
When viewed macroscopically,
these droplets together
just appear a glitter-white color.
The team expects that their model
may be used to design droplets,
particles, and surfaces
for an array of
color-changing applications
where one could tailor a
droplet's size, morphology,
and observation conditions
to create a specific color.
(bouncy music)

---

### Jell-O-like, expanding pill
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXr7dKagiAk

Idioma: en

(upbeat music)
- [Narrator] A team of MIT engineers
has designed an ingestible, expanding pill
that can monitor the
stomach for up to a month,
potentially tracking cancers, ulcers
and other GI conditions.
Soft and squishy, it's made
from two types of hydrogels,
the combination of which enables
the pill to quickly swell
while remaining impervious
to the stomach's acidic environment.
If the patient needs to remove the pill,
they can simply drink a
solution of calcium ions
containing more calcium than whole milk
that triggers the pill
to quickly shrink back
to its original size and
pass safely out of the body.
This hydrogel based design is
softer, more bio-compatible
and longer lasting than
current ingestible sensors,
typically made of hard plastics or metals
which are quite stiff in comparison
to the gastrointestinal tract.
The inner material of the design
are super absorbent hydrogel particles
that are used in commercial
products such as diapers
for their ability to
soak up liquid quickly.
The second protective
hydrogel layer was designed
to encapsulate the fast
swelling particles.
The outer membrane is
made from a multitude
of nanoscopic crystalline
chains, each folded over another
in a nearly impenetrable gridlock pattern.
To test the inflatability of the design,
researchers dumped the
material in various solutions
of water and fluid
resembling gastric juices.
They found the pill inflated
up to a hundred times its
original size in about 15 minutes,
much faster than existing
expandable hydrogels.
To test the pill's toughness,
the researchers mechanically
squeezed it thousands of times
at forces greater than the
pill would ever experience
for regular contractions in the stomach.
They found the design is
both soft like tofu or jello
but extremely robust.
Finally, to show their ability
to track environmental
changes in the stomach,
the researchers embedded
within their design a small
commercial temperature sensor
which allows them to accurately
and remotely track activity
patterns within the body
for up to 30 days.
Down the road, the
researchers envision the pill
may safely deliver a
number of different sensors
to the stomach to monitor
for instance pH levels
or signs of certain bacteria for viruses.
Tiny cameras may also be able
to be embedded into the design
to image the progress of
tumors or ulcers over time.
(upbeat music)

---

### Forest search-and-rescue
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hRNx_0SWGw

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
[POP-UP NOISE]

---

### How to mass produce cell-sized robots
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgxibgMO-Vg

Idioma: en

(synthesizer chimes)
(synthesizer music)
- [Female Narrator]
Imagine if there was a way
to mass produce tiny robots
no bigger than a cell
quickly, easily, and accurately,
with little to no external stimulus.
Well, a team of engineers at MIT
have developed a novel method
where they can do just that.
Using the naturally
occurring fracturing process
of atomically thin, brittle
materials such as graphene,
the researchers are able to design
and successfully fabricate
small, synthetic cells,
called syncells for short,
that could eventually be
used to monitor conditions
inside an oil or gas pipeline
or search out disease
while floating through the bloodstream.
The novel process, called autoperforation,
allows for engineers to control
the natural fracture lines in a material,
directing the lines so that they produce
exactly what the engineer desires.
In this case, the end
results are minuscule pockets
of predictable size and shape
containing electrical
circuits and materials
that can collect, record, and output data.
To build these syncells,
first a layer of graphene
is laid down on a surface.
Then, tiny dots of a polymer material
containing the electronics for the devices
are deposited by a micro array printer.
Then, a second layer of
graphene is laid on top.
When the top layer of graphene is placed
over the array of polymer
dots, the places where
the graphene drapes over
the edges of the dots
form lines of high strain in the material.
You can think of a tablecloth
draped over a circular table.
The highest levels of strain
develop toward the table edges
where the cloth hangs down.
That is essentially what is
happening in this process,
but the strain is controlled.
So similar to the table cloth,
the fractures in the
graphene are concentrated
right along the boundaries
of the structure
and will completely fracture
around the periphery.
The result: a round piece of graphene
that looks as if it's been cleanly cut out
by a microscopic hole punch.
Apart from the syncells' potential uses
for industrial or biomedical monitoring,
the researchers say that the
way the tiny devices are made
is itself an innovation
with great potential.
This general procedure of
using controlled fracture
as a production method
could potentially be used
with any 2D material.
Essentially opening up a whole new toolkit
for micro and nano fabrication.
(light, cheerful synthesizer music)

---

### Vision-free MIT Cheetah
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZ1DaQgg3lE

Idioma: en

(footsteps thudding)
- [Man] That's 2.5.
- [Scientist] Go for three.
That's as fast as it can go.
- [Man] That's three.
(footsteps thudding)
(gravel crunching)
(footsteps thudding)
(wood clattering)
(footsteps thudding)
- [Man] One, two, three.

---

### Magnetic shape-shifters
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUt1YKtn6kM

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Tackling the global water crisis
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3u6ZNSaRhfg

Idioma: en

- [Narrator] Today, 39%
of all the fresh water
taken from rivers, lakes,
and reservoirs in the
United States is earmarked
for the cooling needs
of power plants, that use fossil fuels,
or nuclear power.
The problem?
A large portion of that
water ends up floating away
in clouds of vapor.
In other words, hundreds
of billions of gallons
of clean, otherwise usable
water, are lost each year.
But now, a new system, devised
by a team of MIT engineers
could provide an efficient, low-cost way
to capture a substantial
amount of that lost water,
ultimately making power
plants less wasteful
and more self sustaining,
and the water collected
could become a source
of potable water for parched
cities around the world.
The motivation to develop this new system
stems directly from the inefficiencies
of current natural fog harvesting systems.
Existing systems, which
generally consist of
a plastic or wire mesh,
hung vertically in the path
of fog banks, only capture
about one to three percent
of the water droplets
that pass through them.
The reason for such a tiny
percentage is the result
of aerodynamics.
As a stream of air passes an obstacle,
such as the wires in these
mesh fog catching screens,
the air flow naturally
deviates around the obstacle.
Thus, carrying droplets that
were heading toward the wire
off to the side.
The researchers found
that once they zap the fog
with a beam of electrically
charged particles
know as ions, the opposite effect happens.
Not only do all the droplets
that are in the path
of the wires land on
them, but even droplets
that were aiming for the holes in the mesh
get pulled toward the
wires, due to the charge.
The droplets then collect on that mesh,
drain down into a collecting pan,
and can be reused in the power plant
or sent to a city's water supply system.
The team is currently
building a full scale
test version of their system,
to be placed on the cooling tower of MIT's
central utility plant.
A natural gas, co-generation power plant,
that provides most of
the campus's electricity,
heating and cooling.
In a series of experiments,
the researchers demonstrated
the concept, by building
a small lab version
of a stack emitting a
plume of water droplets.
They then place their ion
beam and mesh screen on it.
When the condenser is off, a
thick plume of fog droplets
rise form the device.
Once the condenser is turned on, the plume
almost instantly disappears
and liquid can be seen
condensing on the wire dome.
The equipment is simple,
and the amount of power
required is minimal.
And the result is something priceless.
Access to free, clean water.
The researchers say this
could be a great solution
to the global water crisis,
by offsetting the need
for about 70% of new
desalination plant installations,
in the next decade.
For example, a typical
600 megawatt power plant
could capture 150 million
gallons of water a year,
representing a value
of millions of dollars.
The researchers aim to test the system
at MIT's central utility
plant in the fall.
The campus's power plant
tests will not only
de risk the technology, but will also help
the MIT campus improve
it's water footprint.
(upbeat music)

---

### Printable autonomous boats
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktYViivw27A

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Plug-and-play diagnostics
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eemu8OMjZ-A

Idioma: en

[WHOOSH]
[MUSIC PLAYING]
Researchers at MIT's
Little Devices lab
have developed a set
of modular blocks
that can be put together
in different ways
to produce diagnostic devices
for various functions,
such as infection
detection and monitoring.
These plug-and-play devices are
low cost, reliable, re-usable,
and require little
expertise to assemble.
The components
consist of a sheet
of paper sandwiched
between a plastic or metal
block and a plastic cover.
The blocks are
color-coded by function,
making it easier to
assemble for various uses.
They are about half
an inch on each side
and snap together
in different ways.
Some of the blocks contain
channels for liquid samples
to flow straight through.
Some have turns and mix
multiple reagents together,
allowing the user to
create diagnostics
based on one reaction or
a series of reactions.
Currently, this
system is being used
by scientists at other
academic labs outside of MIT.
The modular predefined
blocks allow the labs
to forget about
developing the hardware
and focus strictly
on the biochemistry.
Using this system,
called ampli blocks,
the MIT team is
working on devices
to detect cancer, as
well as Zika virus
and other infectious diseases.
The blocks are inexpensive,
and they do not
require refrigeration
or special handling,
making them appealing for
use in the developing world.
Paper diagnostics are usually
write one, read once systems.
However, ampli blocks
can be sterilized
in use for additional reactions
without additional hardware
costs.
The MIT team says
their long-term goal
is to enable small, low
resources laboratories
to generate their own libraries
of plug-and-play diagnostics
to treat their local patient
populations independently.
They have already sent them to
labs in Chile and Nicaragua,
where they have been
used to develop devices
to monitor
tuberculosis treatment
and to test for a genetic
variant that makes malaria more
difficult to treat.
The team is now working on
tests for human papillomavirus
and Lyme disease, among others.
Since the ultimate goal
is to get the technology
into the hands of
small labs globally,
the researchers are
investigating large scale
manufacturing techniques and
hope to launch a company soon
so they can manufacture
and distribute
the kits around the world.

---

### Seeing through fog
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkR1UowJF0w

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
Maneuvering a vehicle
in any type of weather
can come with its own set of
challenges and limitations.
Maneuvering a vehicle
through conditions
that limit visibility,
such as mist or fog,
can be even more challenging
or even dangerous.
But now, thanks to a team
of researchers out of MIT
and their newly
developed system,
there may be a solution
to this problem.
MIT researchers have developed
a novel imaging system that
can gauge the
distance of objects
shrouded by fog so thick that
human vision can't penetrate
it.
An inability to handle
misty driving conditions
has been one of
the main obstacles
to the development of reliable
autonomous vehicular navigation
systems.
So the MIT system
could be a crucial step
toward self-driving cars.
To test their system,
the team placed objects
in an enclosed box
approximately one meter long
and then gradually filled
the space with thick fog.
Outside, pointing
into the box, there
is a laser which
fires pulses of light
into the foggy scene
and then a camera that
measures the time it takes
their reflections to return.
What they found was their
system was able to image objects
even when they were
indiscernible to the naked eye.
More specifically,
in fog so dense
that human vision could only
penetrate 36 centimeters,
their system was able to
resolve images of objects
and gauge their depth at
a range of 57 centimeters.
57 centimeters is
not a great distance,
but the fog produced for the
study is far denser than any
that a human driver
would have to contend
with in the real world.
The vital point is that the
system performed far better
than human vision, whereas
previous systems have performed
worse.
The system is
designed to get around
the issue of light reflecting
off water droplets in fog,
which confuses most
imaging systems, making
it almost impossible to
discern objects ahead.
The MIT researchers
developed an algorithm
that uses statistics
about the way fog
typically scatters
light to separate
the raw data from the
camera into two parts,
the light reflected
from the shrouded object
and the light
reflected from the fog.
The light reflected
from the object
is then used to image the scene
and calculate the object's
distance.
Of course, visibility is
not a well-defined concept,
since objects with different
colors and/or textures
are visible through fog
at different distances.
So to assess the
system's performance,
the team used a
more rigorous metric
called "optical depth," which
describes the amount of light
that penetrates the fog.
Optical depth is
independent of distance,
so the performance
of the system on fog
that has a particular optical
depth at a range of one meter
should be the same as
its performance on fog
that has the same optical depth
at a range of, say, 50 meters.
In fact, the system
may even fare better
at longer distances,
as the difference
between light
particles' arrival times
will be greater, which could
make for more accurate images.

---

### Robo-picker grasps and packs
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYuTMtZ2UD8

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]

---

### Lab on a LEGO
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiNS25kxQIE

Idioma: en

By snapping, clicking,
and connecting
a series of interlocking
injection molded blocks
MIT researchers have designed
a new modular microfluidics
device that can mix, sort, and
pump fluids for various needs
and applications.
Looking for ways to make
microfluidics modular
by assigning a single operation
to a single module, or unit,
the MIT team turned
to LEGO bricks
as the basis of their new design
because of their precision
and consistency.
No matter where in the
world LEGOs are found
they are guaranteed to
line up and snap seamlessly
and securely into place.
Using micro-milling, a
well-established technique
commonly used to drill extremely
fine features into metals
and other materials,
the researchers
can engineer each brick to
have a particular pattern
of channels to perform
a specific task.
Once the channels are drilled
additional modifications
can be done by hand
and then a clear film
is placed over the
wall to seal it.
Each brick can now be snapped
together and taken apart
to form modular
microfluidic devices that
perform various combinations
of sequences of operations.
Although this is a step
in the right direction,
the researchers note
there are a couple
of drawbacks to their method.
For example, now they are
only able to fabricate
channels hundreds
of microns wide
and some fluidic
operations take place
at the nano-scale, which is
just too small to achieve
using micro-milling techniques.
Also, as LEGO bricks
are made from plastic,
they likely cannot withstand
exposure to certain chemical
agents.
Moving forward the
researchers plan
to experiment with
different coatings
to make the bricks compatible
with different fluids.
They are also thinking about
designing LEGO-like bricks made
with other materials
like polymers,
with higher temperature
and chemical resistance.
But for now, their method
provides an accessible platform
for prototyping modular
microfluidics devices
to be used to manipulate
biological fluids
and perform such tasks
as sorting cells,
mixing fluids, and filtering
out molecules of interest.

---

### Glowing plants
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hp-vqd8zJM4

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
By embedding specialized
nanoparticles
into the leaves of
watercress plants,
MIT engineers have been able to
induce the plants to give off
a dim light for nearly 4 hours.
And they believe that
with further optimization,
such plants will one
day be bright enough
to illuminate an
entire workspace.
Imagine that
instead of switching
on a lamp when it
gets dark, you could
read by the light of a
glowing plant on your desk.
[MUSIC PLAYING]
To create their glowing
plants, the MIT team
turned to luciferase,
the enzyme that
gives fireflies their glow.
Luciferase acts on a
molecule called luciferin,
causing it to emit light.
Another molecule,
called coenzyme A,
helps the process
along by removing
a reaction byproduct that can
inhibit luciferase activity.
The MIT team packaged each
of these three components
into nanoparticle
carriers of varying size
to help each component get to
the right part of the plant.
To get the particles
into the plant leaves,
the researchers first suspended
the particles into a solution.
Then plants were
immersed in the solution
and exposed to high
pressure, allowing
the particles to enter the
leaves through tiny pores
called stomata.
Once in the leaves,
the particles gradually
release luciferin, which then
enters the plant cells, where
the luciferase performs
the chemical reaction that
makes luciferin glow.
Previous efforts to create
light-emitting plants
have relied on genetically
engineering plants
to express the gene
for luciferase.
But this is a
laborious process that
yields extremely dim
light and often limited
to one type of plant.
The new method,
developed at MIT,
could be used on
any type of plant.
So far, they have demonstrated
it with arugula, kale, spinach,
and watercress.
In the future, the
researchers say
this technology could
be used to provide
low-intensity indoor
lighting or transform trees
into self-powered streetlights.

---

### A new way to mix oil and water
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0TtovcwWno

Idioma: en

Oil and water.
The reluctance of
these two liquids
to mix together and stay that
way is so well known they
have become cliche
for any two things
that do not go together well.
Currently, there are
ways to mix the two,
but ultimately, they
will separate again.
So what if there was a way to
not only mix oil and water,
but to have the
mixture remain stable
for long periods of time,
perhaps indefinitely?
Well, a team of
researchers at MIT
may have found a
way to do just that.
Here we have oil and
water represented
by the colors red and blue.
Alone, these two liquids
will not mix together.
But add in a
soap-like substance,
called a surfactant, then mix,
and suddenly, the two liquids
will blend.
This type of mixture
of two or more liquids
that are normally immiscible
is called an emulsion.
Now, creating emulsions
is not a new process.
Think of the mixture of oil
and vinegar in salad dressings,
for example.
But the challenge is
to get the emulsions
to remain stable for
longer than a few minutes.
The key to overcoming
ultimate separation
is to have really small,
nano-sized droplets.
When the drops are that small,
gravity cannot overcome them,
and they can remain
suspended indefinitely.
There are ways to do this.
However, the current
industrial processes
are extremely energy
intensive and expensive.
The new process
used in the MIT lab
requires very little energy,
in fact, no mixing at all,
and can remain
stable for months.
This new process takes
a bottom-up approach
by using condensation
to create the droplets.
First, they take a reservoir of
oil with an added surfactant,
place it inside a chamber
with very humid air,
and cool the oil.
As it cools, the
condensing water
forms droplets at
the surface that
spread through the
oil-surfactant mixture,
forming uniform,
nanoscale droplets.
These droplets are so tiny
and uniformed that they
are hard to even see
under a microscope.
The team believes
the approach should
work with a variety of
oils and surfactants.
This new process could provide
design guidelines for use
in particular
applications that have
expiration dates, like
drug delivery, cosmetics,
and processed foods.

---

### Neutron stars collide
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgkDoSbHHVU

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Rainer Weiss wins Nobel Prize in physics
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XYLzM5x7g0

Idioma: en

OK, I'm Rainer Weiss, W-E-I-S-S.
I am emeritus professor
of physics at MIT.
What was your initial reaction
when you first saw the signal
and you felt like--
Well, I was on vacation when
I saw it, I was up in Maine.
And everybody has their own
story about this, I'm sure.
But I was in Maine and
my family was with me.
I mean, my wife and
my son and his wife.
My daughter was not there,
she was in Singapore.
And I woke up, I went to the
computer as I do every morning.
I look at the log.
You know, we have logs
that come from the sites,
I do that every morning.
And I noticed something funny.
They had canceled something
that was going on--
you know, it always had--
these are days when
you fix the apparatus.
They had canceled it.
I said, that's
strange, what the hell
happened that made
them cancel that?
So then all of a
sudden, I got an email
from David Shoemaker, who
you're going to be talking to.
He says, hey, there's something
interesting that happened.
So I called MIT and I
find out what it was.
That was my--
And then I said, holy mackerel.
And of course, I gave it
all away, everybody knew it
who was around me.
I mean you can't keep that
a secret from your wife
if she's sitting right there.
You know, and my son said,
what the hell happened?
You know?
And suddenly, of
course, everybody
had to be sworn to secrecy.
But OK.
And anyway, and then we
followed it from there.
So that's how I
found out about it.
But other people more
dramatically were at the sites.
And nobody right
way believed it.
Everybody thought
it was a fluke.
It was too good.
And it took us a while to get
to the point where all of us--
and that's why we've
written this paper--
believe it.
OK?
How did you feel about it?
What was your reaction?
Well, my reaction
was one of relief,
I'll be honest with you.
And I had this
monkey on my back.
I mean, you know,
having been involved
with starting this thing.
And somewhere deep inside
of me, of all the criticism
that we have had and there are
still plenty of criticisms.
People are saying, look,
this theory that you're
dealing with is
Einstein's theory,
there are better
theories of gravity
that don't predict
gravitational waves.
So you're wasting
everybody's money.
You know, that kind
of thing sort of gets
at you after a while,
although you don't try to--
And so, this monkey
was sort of gnawing
at me for probably some
number of-- well, 20 years.
And he hopped off.
He's still walking around
on the floor a little bit.
Because we're not yet at design.
I mean, we've got to get the
design with Advanced LIGO.
I think then he'll vanish.
Congratulations.
It has nothing to do with me.
It's just that we did it.
Man has finally seen storm
field gravity, for Pete's sake.
Amazing.
OK?

---

### The language of color
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5N0C4GaTkM

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
The human eye can see literally
millions of distinct colors,
but human language
categorizes only a tiny subset
of all the different
colors that we can see.
And human languages actually
vary a lot across cultures.
And our research
question is why is this
so different across cultures?
Why do some cultures
have so few words
dividing the color space and
industrialized languages,
like English and
Spanish, have many more?
So we went down to visit the
Tsimane in the Bolivian Amazon
to gather our own data using two
extreme versions of the task.
And what we did was we just
brought a light box, a car
battery to power the light box.
And we just put color chips--
80 different color chips--
we presented them randomly
to each participant
and just asked them
to label the colors.
We did it in two different ways.
We did it one where we asked
them to say what color that is.
Simple as that.
Or we asked them to choose
from a set of colors
that we had established
as the likely color
words for that language.
And those are the two
extreme versions of the task.
There's a particular
reason why we wanted
to go down to the Tsimane.
And that is that
this group of people
is a pre-industrialized people.
They don't have the same kind of
westernized goods that we have.
And what characterizes
these westernized goods
is the fact that many of them
are synthetically colored.
In fact, one of the most
incredible transformations
of our sensory world that
we have brought about
is the production of these
synthetic pigments that's
changed, literally
changed, what we see.
And so we wanted to
find a community that
didn't have that kind of
pollution in some sense.
And then to ask what
is the consequence
of that change in sensory
experience on language
and on how our minds
and brains work.
The most exciting generalization
that we found in our data
was that warm colors are
easier to communicate
than cool colors.
Warms like red,
orange, and yellow,
versus blues and greens.
And then we wanted to know why.
We wondered why that might be.
And it follows pretty
straightforwardly from
our communication hypothesis.
The things that we
want to talk about
are objects against
a background.
And objects tend
to be warm-colored
compared to their backgrounds.
Think of the sky,
water, the grass, trees.
That's all blues and greens.
And objects tend
to be warm-colored.
And so maybe the reason that all
languages have more color words
in the warm space
than in the cool space
is because we want to
talk about objects and not
about backgrounds.
One of the most captivating
problems that confronts people
is whether or not that we
share the same experience
in the world.
And one of the main domains
in which that problem has
been tackled is in color
vision, because the only access
we have to color information
is through our eyes.
So it provides this lens into
how the brain and the mind
work.

---

### Blood testing via sound waves
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROYn2rFjarg

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
Tiny nano-sized packets
called vesicles, also known
as exosomes, are
secreted from cells
and often carry important
biological messages related
to health or disease states.
Currently, the only way
to isolate these vesicles
from blood is by using modern
cell-sorting technologies,
such as taggings with
chemicals or exposing them
to strong mechanical forces
that could damage them.
But now, a
multi-disciplinary team
of researchers from
MIT and elsewhere
has developed a novel,
much gentler, method
using sound waves to
isolate exosomes directly
from the undiluted blood.
Their new microfluidic
device includes two subunits,
each containing a pair of
slightly tilted transducers.
When sound waves produced
by these transducers
encounter one
another, they generate
a series of pressure nodes.
Each time a cell or particle
flowing through the channel
encounters a node, the pressure
guides the cell particle
in a particular direction
to isolate it and ultimately
remove it.
In the first unit
of their device,
there is a lower
driving frequency,
which isolates larger particles
such as red and white blood
cells and platelets.
The second unit has a much
higher driving frequency
and therefore is able
to separate the smaller
nanoparticles and isolate the
exosomes from the remaining
blood.
The new method takes less
than 25 minutes to process, as
compared to hours or even
days using a centrifuge.
The device is also
portable, economical,
and offers the potential to
preserve the characteristics
and functions of
isolated exosomes.
The researchers hope this
automated point-of-care device
can help with health
monitoring, disease diagnosis,
and therapeutics.

---

### Self-folding printable structures
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOW8GrAIvzY

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
A team of researchers
from MIT and UMass Amherst
have designed 3D
printed structures
that can fold themselves up
without any outside stimulus.
And the folding
begins the instant
it is peeled off the
printing platform.
The key to these new
self-folding designs?
A new printer ink
material the team
developed that actually
expands after it solidifies.
Printed devices are
built up in layers.
And in their prototypes,
the MIT researchers
deposit their expanding
material at precise locations
on the top or bottom few layers.
The bottom layer
adheres slightly
to the printer platform,
and that adhesion
is enough to hold
the device flat
as the layers are built up.
But, as soon as the finished
device is peeled off
the platform, the joints
made from the new material
begin to expand,
bending the device
in the opposite direction.
The researchers say one of the
big advantages of devices that
self-fold without any
external assistance
is that they can involve a wider
range of materials and more
delicate structures.
So far, parts that
fold have commonly
relied on external stimulus
like heat or dipping in water.
This poses a challenge, as
printed electronics typically
tend to degrade when
exposed to heat or moisture.
A folding process that does not
require an external stimulus
enables self-folding parts
with functional electronics.
To show the resiliency
of the device's folds,
the team subjected
printed prototypes
to a series of lab tests, which
demonstrate the structure's
flexibility while
maintaining its folds,
showing the structures
will ultimately
reassume their folded
shape regardless
of how forcibly straightened
out the folds may be.
The researchers hope
that a better theoretical
understanding of the reason
for material's expansion
will enable them to
design material tailored
to specific applications,
such as printed antennas that
fold to the correct
shape when peeled,
or even curved sensors and
displays for user interfaces.
[MUSIC PLAYING]

---

### Secrets of the conch shell and its toughness
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEMBmllitbg

Idioma: en

The shells of marine organisms
are known for their toughness.
They can take a beating
from storms and tides,
as well as rocky shores
and sharptooth predators.
But one shell, in
particular, stands out
above all others
in its toughness.
That shell is the conch.
And now, researchers
at MIT have been
able to show that the conch
shell's superior strength could
be reproduced in
engineered materials.
The secret to the conch's
extraordinary resilience
is in the shell's geometry.
The conch has a
three-tiered structure,
composed of multiple
layers, in which
the grain of the
molecular structure
goes in different directions,
creating a sort of maze
that a crack would
have to travel through,
in order to spread.
In their lab at
MIT, the researchers
developed the 3D
printing technology
that allows them to
duplicate the exact structure
of the conch shell.
Their composite consists
of polymer materials
with different degrees of
strength and resilience,
printed in a three-tiered,
zigzag matrix.
Part of the innovation
of this project
was the team's ability to
both simulate the material's
behavior, and analyze
its actual performance
under realistic conditions.
So for this work,
the researchers
simulated tests on the computer,
and then did actual tests
in a drop tower, allowing them
to observe exactly how cracks
appeared and spread in the
first instance of impact.
What they saw was,
the 3D printed sample
with a simple geometry, cracks
immediately and dramatically,
whereas their 3D
printed sample that
mimics the geometry of a
conch, took on the force
with barely any
cracking on impact.
Now that the researchers have
cracked the conch-shell code,
they can start to focus
on making slight tweaks
and variations for
future optimization.
And because of the use
of 3D printed technology,
the researchers say
this system could
make it possible to produce
individualized helmets,
or other body armor--
tailored and personalized
for a specific person--
with optimal protection
and performance.

---

### New method removes micropollutants from water
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hceOKw-cjWo

Idioma: en

Removing pollutants from
water is the ultimate goal
of the purification process.
However, current
methods of removal
have their share
of complications.
And tend to be quite energy
and chemical intensive,
especially when it involves
removing contaminants
at extremely low levels.
But now a team of
researchers at MIT
have developed a new
system that could
provide an alternative
for removing
specific, unwanted, compounds.
And their new system
is controlled solely
by electrical means.
The novel approach relies on
an electrochemical process
to selectively remove
organic contaminants
such as pesticides,
chemical waste products,
and pharmaceuticals
from the water,
even when these contaminants
are present in small, but still
dangerous, concentrations.
Their system of removal
involves two main parts,
chemically treated
surfaces, and electricity.
Here's how the system works.
First, surfaces are
coated with water
known as Faradaic materials,
which are materials that
can undergo reactions
to become positively
or negatively charged.
Then an electrical
source is added.
As water flows between these now
chemically treated electrodes,
the surface materials
can be tuned
to bind strongly with a specific
type of pollutant molecule.
Here we see the system
at work removing
a pollutant represented
by the green fluorescence.
Over time, the surfaces are
tuned, and thus become bound,
to specific molecules
until the water
color goes from bright
fluorescent green to clear.
The researchers say that
systems such as this
might ultimately be useful
for water purification
systems in remote areas in
the developing world, where
access to resources
and power are limited.
For example, the new,
highly efficient,
electrically operated
system could run on power,
from solar panels.

---

### New coating could prevent pipeline clogging
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Al8swFTN82E

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
When some molecules
of methane are
trapped within a crystal
structure of water,
they form a solid
similar to ice.
The name of these
ice-like structures
is methane clathrates.
And they are largely
responsible for
the initial unsuccessful
attempt in containing the oil
spill that rocked
the Gulf of Mexico
back in the spring of 2010.
When the explosion on
the Deepwater Horizon oil
well occurred, operators tried
to funnel the leaking oil
into a pipe to be carried
to a tanker ship above,
thus preventing the ongoing
leakage into the water.
However, this plan
didn't succeed.
Instead, due to the low
temperatures and high pressure
near the sea floor,
methane clathrates
built up inside the
containment dome
and blocked the outlet
pipe, preventing it
from redirecting the flow.
Perhaps if methane clathrates
had not been formed,
the containment
might have worked.
Now a team of researchers
at MIT has come up
with a solution that
just may prevent
such a disastrous outcome
the next time a leak occurs.
And their new method may
also prevent blockages
inside oil and
gas pipelines that
are located in environments
where methane clathrates can
form.
The key to their novel system
is the coating inside the pipe.
In previous work
by the same group,
they were able to design
a way to keep anything
from ketchup to paint from
sticking to the container walls
by first creating a textured
coating on the walls
and then adding a lubricant
that gets trapped by the texture
and prevents content
from adhering.
In this case, the
lubricant is already
present in the form of oil.
So all they need is a coating on
the surface that is chemically
attracted to hydrocarbons
present in the petroleum
but repels water.
As long as water is kept
away from the pipe wall,
clathrate buildup
can be stopped.
In lab tests, which used a
proxy chemical for the methane
because actual methane
clathrates form
under high-pressure
conditions that
are hard to
reproduce in the lab,
the system performed
very effectively.
The researchers say they didn't
see any hydrates adhering
to the substrates.
Unlike previous
methods, such as heating
of the pipe walls,
depressurization,
or using chemical
additives, which
can be expensive and
potentially polluting,
the new method is
completely passive.
That is, once in place, it
requires no further addition
of energy or material.
[MUSIC PLAYING]

---

### A light rain can spread soil bacteria far and wide
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F14j8x6eMiQ

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
Rain is a vital part
of most ecosystems.
Water is necessary for life.
But sometimes, under just
the right conditions,
rain can also be a means
of spreading bacteria.
It's long been
theorized that rainfall
contributes to the
spread of bacteria
throughout local lands.
But figuring out the
mechanics of what is actually
happening at the surface
has been much of a mystery
until now.
Using high resolution
imaging, researchers from MIT
took a look at the effect
of raindrops falling
on soil laden with bacteria.
When raindrops fall
and hit dry soil,
bubbles form at the surface.
As these bubbles
rise up and burst,
they release a spray of mist
or aerosols into the air.
In previous work
by the same team,
they identified this
mechanism by way
of explaining petrichor, which
is the earthy smell often
noticed after a rainstorm.
But now, they found
that the same aerosols
are specifically responsible
for spreading pathogens.
It turns out each
aerosol can carry up
to several thousand bacteria,
and that bacteria can
remain alive for up to an hour.
So simply put, if the soil
is infected and it rains,
aerosols could launch the
pathogens from the soil
into the air.
And if there's
wind, the potential
for the bacteria to travel
is vast before settling back
on the ground to colonize
in a brand new location.
Of course, it's not
exactly that simple.
Through various lab tests
involving dry soil, clay,
and sand, the researchers found
in order for this to occur,
the conditions have
to be just right.
They found droplets produced
the highest number of aerosols
in soils with temperatures
around 86 degrees Fahrenheit,
similar to soils found
in tropical regions.
They also found more
aerosols were produced
by droplets dispensed
on sandy clay soil,
falling at speeds between 1.4
and 1.7 meters per second,
which is about the intensity
of a light rain shower.
Now that the team has
identified the mechanism
by which rain launches
bacteria, scientists
can begin to develop
ways to prevent
the spread of pathogens,
as well as predict
the places and
environmental conditions
where rain is most
likely to spread disease.
[MUSIC PLAYING

---

### Fast and forceful gel robots
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6vSHmHw1gw

Idioma: en

[Music]
[Music]
e
[Music]

---

### One of the strongest lightweight materials known
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIcZdc42F0g

Idioma: en

Graphene, in its
two-dimensional form,
Graphene is thought
to be the strongest
of all known materials.
But translating that
two-dimensional strength
into useful
three-dimensional materials
has posed quite the challenge
to researchers for decades.
But now a team of MIT
engineers has successfully
designed a new 3-D material
with 5% the density of steel
and 10 times the strength.
Making it one of the strongest
lightweight materials known.
And by analyzing the
material's behavior
down to the level
of individual atoms,
they were also able to produce
a mathematical framework that
can accurately predict
experimental results.
To test their material,
the researchers
printed 3-D models made
purely of commercial plastic
and subjected them to
various compression tests,
to see how much they could
handle before the structure
begins to crumble.
Here we see two 3-D
gyroid models made
from the same exact materials.
Their only difference is
one is composed of thicker
walls than the other.
Once stress is applied,
we almost immediately
noticed two very
different reactions.
The model composed of
thinner, more flexible walls
enabled it to fail gradually
upon increasing deformation.
While the other with
thicker stiffer walls
is able to store much
more deformation energy
which has been released
in a more severe explosion
like manner.
Ultimately, their
new findings show
that the crucial aspect
of the new 3D forms
has more to do with
their unusual geometrical
configuration, than with
the material itself.
Which suggests that similar
strong lightweight materials
could be made from a
variety of materials
with similar geometric features.
Having the ability to tune
the mechanics of a material
by simply adjusting its
geometry opens the door
to a wide variety of
practical applications.
Including strong, lightweight,
structural materials
for airplanes,
cars, buildings, and
other large-scale applications.
Because of their
continuous porous geometry
and large surface
area they could also
have applications for
filtration and energy storage.

---

### Movable microplatform floating on droplets
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ExwBOc54Ts

Idioma: en

Seen here is a piece
of paper resting
on what is known as a
microelectromechanical stage.
This is a new
variation on existing
microelectromechanical
systems, or MEMS
for short, which are tiny
machines with tiny moving parts
that can be found in a
wide variety of consumer
electronics.
MEMS are attractive for
many applications because
of their small size
and weight which allows
systems to be miniaturized.
However, over time,
they're moving
parts can wear out and break
down as a result of friction.
This new system
that was developed
by a team of
researchers at MIT could
offer a new way of
making movable parts
with no solid connections
between the pieces,
potentially eliminating a
major source of wear and tear.
Their novel approach uses
a layer of liquid droplets
to support a tiny
movable platform,
in this case made of
copper, which essentially
floats on top of the droplets.
The droplets can be
water or any other fluid.
And the precise
movements of the platform
can be controlled electronically
through a system that
can alter the dimensions
of the droplets
to raise lower and
tilt to the platform.
For example, by applying a
voltage to the stage ranging
from zero to 150 volts
at a frequency of 50
hertz the researchers were
able to show the stage
deflecting vertically
as a result.
When the voltage is at
zero the stage moves up.
When it's at 150 volts
the stage moves down.
The researchers say the
real innovation here
is being able to move
the stage up and down
and change its angle without
any solid material connections.
They say their system is
relatively simple to implement
and that it would be
possible to develop it
for specific real
world applications
fairly rapidly if the
motivation is there.
For example, as a focusing
system for advanced microscopes
or using a mirror as a way to
precisely aim a laser beam.
[MUSIC PLAYING]

---

### Muscles made of nylon
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3GG4JJQRQA

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
Pulling inspiration
from nature is not
a new concept for engineers.
Specifically, the attempt
to mimic or replicate
the intricacies of muscles,
how they move and bend, extend
and contract, and so on,
is something researchers
have been interested in learning
more about for some time now.
Artificial muscles can
have many applications,
from robotics to some components
in the automobile and aviation
industries, but
they are currently
very expensive and limited
in their capabilities.
However, now, a group
of MIT researchers
have come up with one of
the simplest and lowest cost
systems yet, in which
a material reproduces
some of the bending motions that
natural muscle tissues perform
regularly.
The key ingredient--
nylon fiber.
It turns out some
polymer fiber materials,
including a special
type of nylon,
have an unusual property.
When heated, they shrink in
length but expand in diameter.
The researchers found
that by modifying
the shape of the fiber, and
then selectively heating it
on one side, they can
force the fiber to bend.
By heating specific areas
of the fiber in sequence,
they found they can produce
more complex movements.
For example, in their lab tests,
the team used this technique
to get the fibers to move in
circles and then in figure 8's.
Various heat sources can
be used on the fibers,
including electric resistance
heating, chemical reactions,
or a laser beam that
shines on the filament.
Someday, the researchers
suggest this kind of system
could be used to
produce a variety
of biomedical devices,
robotic grippers, or machine
components.
[MUSIC PLAYING]

---

### Ultra-long-term drug delivery
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfjwKUxenuA

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
One of the current
problems with many drugs
that are taken orally is they
only work for a limited time
because they are broken
down and passed quickly
through the body.
Another problem is
simply getting patients
to take the medicine
day after day.
In some cases, regimens
require repeated doses
in order for the
drug to be effective.
So the biggest issue
with taking medication
is that folks just don't
take their medication.
And in fact, only
about 50% of folks
actually take their
medication as prescribed.
And I think really, at
the heart of the matter,
is that it's tough
sometimes to remember
to take that medication.
So really, one of the
things that we set out to do
was to make it easier.
Having a way to safely
and gradually release
drugs in the human body over
an extended period of time
could have a profound effect on
eliminating certain diseases,
such as malaria.
In an attempt to combat
the obstacles involved
in effective long-term
drug delivery,
a team of researchers at MIT
and Brigham and Women's Hospital
has developed a new
drug capsule that
remains in the stomach
for up to two weeks
after being swallowed,
gradually releasing its contents
over time.
So the dosage form that we
developed looks like a star.
And I think it's
important to appreciate
the different
elements of the star.
And so we have arms, and then we
have a central elastic portion.
The arms are rigid,
and they are the ones
that are loaded with drug.
And the central portion
is elastic and enables,
essentially, the folding of
that star into a capsule.
Once swallowed,
acid in the stomach
dissolves the outer
layer of the capsule,
allowing the star's
six arms to unfold.
Once fully expanded, the
star, due to its shape, size,
and material properties,
is able to resist
forces that would normally
push an object further
down the digestive
tract, without causing
any harmful blockages in
the stomach or intestines.
You know, the GI tract
is an interesting organ
in that it's really
a long tube that
has a couple of
segments that are
a little bit dilated or bigger.
Specifically, the stomach
is a bigger segment.
So there's actually an
incredible opportunity
to house, in the
GI tract, a depot
or a storage of the full dose
of treatment, for example.
And as long as we're
able to control
the release of that
treatment of that drug,
we may have the capacity
to essentially deliver
the full course of treatment,
and then, by some engineering,
have that drug be delivered
over the course of days, weeks,
or potentially even over months.
The researchers
say this device is
more of a platform
into which you
can incorporate any drug that
requires frequent dosing.
They are now working on
developing similar capsules
to deliver drugs against
other tropical diseases,
as well as HIV and
neuropsychiatric conditions.

---

### Predicting the range of droplet sizes for sticky fluids
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weVk7GYzKtQ

Idioma: en

If you took this stuffed animal
and chose to splatter paint
on it, what would happen?
Well, besides making
a colorful mess,
you'd likely create a shower
of liquid droplets ranging
drastically in size
and distribution.
To most, the shower
of droplets will
appear to be totally random,
but to a group of engineers,
this shower isn't random at all.
In fact, according to them,
it's 100% predictable.
The ways in which liquids
fragment, or break up
into droplets, has interested
researchers for decades.
And although there have
been successful attempts
in characterizing
liquid fragmentation,
they have typically
focused on what
are known as Newtonian
fluids, fluids such as water
and oil, which are
relatively thin,
homogeneous liquids, and not
those that are more complex,
such as saliva,
blood, and paint.
However, in a newly published
study, a team of MIT engineers
show that they can now predict
droplet size distribution,
including the largest
and smallest droplets
a liquid could
possibly produce based
on one main property, its
viscoelasticity, or stickiness.
To show how
viscoelasticity can affect
the distribution of liquid
droplets of a specific size,
the team set up a
series of experiments
involving both Newtonian
and non-Newtonian fluids.
For each fluid sample, they
did three different tests.
First dropping liquids
onto a flat surface,
then spraying them
through a nozzle,
and finally forming
a liquid spray
through two colliding jets.
Their experiment showed that,
in general, thinner Newtonian
fluids produced a narrow
range of droplet sizes,
regardless of the
type of experiment
performed, whereas
viscoelastic fluids had broader
distributions,
generating larger numbers
of both big and small drops.
They also noticed
that no matter if they
were sprayed or dropped,
viscoelastic fluids
created long ligaments, or
string like projections,
that first stretched, but
then eventually broke apart
into a range of droplets.
In other words, using
their mathematical model,
the researchers identified
the broadest distribution
of droplet sizes that any
viscoelastic non-Newtonian
fluid can possibly exhibit.
Having a clearer understanding
of fluid fragmentation
could help identify
optimal fluids
for a number of
industrial applications
that involve complex liquids,
like preventing defects
in automotive paint
jobs, or optimizing
the efficacy of fertilizing
farm fields via aerial spraying.

---

### Plant-to-human communication
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4WsCMLnfvo

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
Imagine if a plant could
detect harmful chemical
compounds, such as explosive
material found in ground water.
And then imagine
that that same plant
could relay that information
quickly and directly to a user.
Well, believe it or
not, a team of MIT
engineers has shown this
plant-to-human communication
is a lot closer
than one may think.
To demonstrate this
process, the team
first embedded
carbon nanotubes that
can detect nitroaromatic
compounds, which are often
used in land mines
and other explosives,
into the leaves
of spinach plants.
These carbon nanotubes
emit a fluorescent signal
that can be read with
an infrared camera.
Some of the embedded
carbon nanotubes
emit a constant
fluorescent signal
that serves as a reference,
while the others emit
a fluorescent signal when an
explosive compound is detected.
Having both makes it
easier to determine
if the explosive sensor has
detected anything or not.
They then introduced
the explosive compounds
to the plant's roots.
Similar to how a
plant would naturally
sample from the
ground water, if there
are any explosive molecules,
it takes about 10 minutes
for the plant to draw them up
into the leaves, where they
first encounter the nanotubes.
To read the signal,
the researchers
shine a laser on to
the leaf, prompting
the embedded nanotubes to
emit near infrared fluorescent
light.
This light can then be detected
with a cheap infrared camera
connected to a Raspberry
Pi, which is a credit card
sized computer,
similar to the computer
inside your average smartphone.
Then, that tiny computer
sends an email to the user,
alerting them of this detection.
In addition to
detecting pollutants,
the researchers are working
to employ this technology
to sense environmental
conditions,
such as drought, or to
monitor plant health.

---

### Heat-induced shrinkage
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gex2o-Yx700

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
Heat is a powerful
force that can
affect a material in many ways.
For example, almost all
solid materials when heated,
inevitably expand.
It is only in very
rare instances
certain materials do the
opposite and actually
shrink when heated.
It is this curious class of
heat-shrinking materials, known
as metamaterials, that a
team of engineers from MIT,
the University of Southern
California, and elsewhere
are interested in
learning more about.
To learn more about how
these metamaterials behave,
the team manufactured small
three-dimensional star-shaped
structures using a
3D printing technique
called Micro-StereoLithography,
in which the researchers use
light from a projector
to print very
small structures in liquid
resin, layer by layer.
The structures are
comprised of interconnecting
beams of two different
ingredients--
a stiff, slow-to-expand
copper-containing material
and a more elastic,
fast-expanding polymer
substance.
The internal beams were made
from the elastic material
while the outer trusses were
composed of stiff copper.
They then put their composite
structures to the test
by placing them within
a small glass chamber
and slowly increasing
the chamber's temperature
to up to about 540
degrees Fahrenheit.
What they observed was
that the structure at first
maintained its initial shape
but then gradually bent inwards,
shrinking in size.
Although the composites
only shrink about 0.6%,
the researchers say it is more
significant that they do not
expand as for most
heat-resistant applications,
designers may simply want
their products to not
expand with heat.
In addition to
their experiments,
the researchers developed
a computational model
to characterize
the relationships
between the
interconnecting beams,
the spaces between the beams,
and the direction and degree
to which they expand with heat.
Having the ability to digitally
tune individual components
of stiffness and thermal
expansion within a structure
allows researchers
to design structures
with specific
configurations that shrink
or resist expanding with heat.
The researchers say
metamaterials such as these
may be useful in situations
requiring structures that
are impervious to
dramatic temperature
changes-- such as computer
chips where parts must be
able to resist
expanding when heated
from, say, the running
central processing unit.
[MUSIC PLAYING]

---

### Furry Wetsuits
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4a6eSgKWhE

Idioma: en

Inspired by hairy semi-aquatic
mammals such as beavers and sea
otters, a group of MIT
engineers are fabricating
fur-like rubbery
pelts to learn how
these mammals stay
warm, and even dry,
while diving under water.
The group's research was
initially motivated by a visit
to a company who
manufactures wetsuits.
The company was interested
in developing materials
that would keep surfers
warm and nimble while they
move in and out of the water.
So our first thought
was to take inspiration
from biological
systems, and we started
looking at animals that
are small and agile,
but have to survive
in Arctic environments
and spend part of their
time underwater and part
of their time on land.
One of the interesting
things we learned
about these marine mammals,
is for small mammals
that can't carry
around a lot of blubber
but still need to maintain
warmth, have a very specialized
fur that traps air when
they dive under water.
And so what we're
interested in doing
is trying to understand what
parameters of their fur,
how fast they're diving, the
properties of the liquid,
how do these all come
together to inform us
how the air gets entrained?
For their experiments,
the team fabricates
precise fur-like surfaces of
various dimensions using molds
and a soft casting rubber.
They then plunge the surfaces in
liquids with varying viscosity
and at varying speeds.
Then with video imaging,
they're able to measure
the amount of air that
is trapped in the fur
during each dive.
What they found was the
spacing of individual hairs
and the speed at which
they were plunged
play a large role in determining
how much air a surface could
trap.
Based on these findings, the
team developed a simple model
to describe this
air trapping effect
in precise
mathematical terms that
can be applied to various
material's manufacturing
processes.
For example, wetsuits are now
made of thick neoprene rubber.
But what if we used a much more
lightweight material, something
with a hairy texture?
And instead of using rubber
we're using air for insulation,
and it could be a lot more
lightweight and still effective
in water.
Beyond that, I
think textile design
is turning into a really
interesting field right now.
We have a lot of new
manufacturing techniques.
We have a lot of
new materials that
enable us to build new fabrics
that can have specially
tailored thermal properties,
that can have specially
tailored sensors.
I think all of this
ties into these ideas
about quantified self, and sort
of the new types of clothing
that's going to be available
to us in the upcoming years.

---

### CarbonCounter: Online app allows consumers to research low-emissions vehicles
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dh0FzB6Jvo8

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
Holding back the worst
impacts from climate change
will require major changes
to the world's energy supply,
including in the
transportation sector.
Transportation
accounts for about 28%
of greenhouse gas emissions
in the US alone, and about 13%
of the missions worldwide.
Within that,
light-duty vehicles,
passenger cars and trucks that
meet certain size and weight
measurements account for
about 61% of all emissions.
The US, in an attempt
to tackle this issue,
has said emissions
reduction targets for 2030.
How and whether
climate goals are
met will depend on both
government policies
and consumer decisions.
But what does this all mean
for the average car buyer?
As a consumer, navigating
through emission details
and price points while
researching vehicle options
might seem overwhelming,
confusing, or impossible.
But what if there was a way to
present this information that's
easy to access and
simple to understand?
Well, a team of MIT researchers
have done just that.
In a recent study, the
team evaluated the 125 most
popular vehicles on the market
against the emission reduction
targets the US will likely need
to hit between 2030 and 2050.
And they are
releasing the results
in the form of an online
app called Carbon Counter.
The way Carbon County
works is pretty simple.
You type in the vehicle
you're interested in,
and it appears as a data
point on a graph of cost
against greenhouse
gas emissions.
As one navigates through
the app, data is presented
and connections are made
between various models
of the same car in
comparison to others
to show consumers their
options and compare them
to climate goals.
You can even look into
the future, adjusting
the costs and the carbon
emissions of different fuels
like gasoline and electricity
to see how far each vehicle
technology can go in meeting
the longer-term climate targets.
By bringing all of
this information
together right at
people's fingertips
and showing how cars stack
up against climate targets,
the researchers hope this tool
will help lower the barrier
for car buyers to make cost-
and climate-saving decisions.

---

### MIT Monkey Ballers build a plane for Red Bull Flugtag 2016
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWCvZ_AOBKg

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
People have dreamed of flying
for thousands of years.
I mean, we're
stuck on the ground
our entire lives,
in two dimensions.
And to have that ability
to leave the ground
and fly through the
air, to be a bird,
it's a feeling it
can't be described.
And not only to do
it with an engine
or with all this
construction around you,
but to literally do
with a wing on your back
and at running speed, just
run and jump in the air
and take flight, it's
really an incredible thing
to be able to do.
So the cheesy truth of it is
that I've always wanted to fly.
I've always been one
of those people that's
just been fascinated by
aircraft, by spacecraft,
by the notion of being
able to leave the ground.
And not a lot of people get
that experience on this scale.
Not many people design
and build their own plane.
[MUSIC PLAYING]
Flugtag is a crazy
competition where
teams build a homemade glider
and push it off a platform
with a pilot in it to see
who can get the furthest.
Basically the premise is, you
build something meant to fly
and you push it off a
barge 30 feet in the air.
These rarely go anywhere.
And I think most of it is
just an excuse for people
to make fools out of themselves
with tens of thousands
of people.
Our team is mostly
aerospace engineers.
I'm actually the only
member who's not.
But it was a really
great experience
being a part of this team.
It's not every day you
can find a group of guys
like this who will spend
this much of their free time
building a plane that's only
going to fly for eight seconds.
It's a once in a lifetime thing
to build something like this.
How many people do you
know who can say they've
built an airplane from scratch?
Everything in an airplane
is pretty simple.
It's kind of
surprisingly simple when
you kind of get down to it.
And you learn a lot about it in
aerospace engineering studies.
One of the cool things
about working here at MIT
is, you actually get to
put that into practice.
And I guess that comes through
in the materials that we use,
which are very often just
construction materials for home
building, and resin and things
like that for boat building.
And they all kind
of come together
to make an airplane at
the end of the day, which
was very cool.
We did a lot of designing
for the actual shape of it.
That's the biggest
part, aerodynamically
is, you have your shape for
your aircraft and your weight.
And then that's how you
determine how you fly.
What we didn't really
exactly planned out
is how we put all
these things together.
We knew our main
structural components.
We knew we were going
to use carbon fiber.
We knew we were going
to have some mylar
plastic as our coating.
And we knew we had foam.
But how do those go together?
So one of the big problems
with working with carbon fiber
is that, if you drill it, loses
almost all of its strength.
And you had to find ways to
create joints with carbon fiber
without drilling
the carbon fiber.
And quite a few
iterations bit the dust
as we talked through
them, but eventually we
came up with an idea for
aluminum fittings, which
is a detail that any mechanical
engineer would probably
have in seconds.
But because we're all really
based in the aeronautics realm,
we hadn't thought about
quite as hard as we probably
should have.
This whole thing probably
wouldn't have been possible
without the help of MIT.
We had all this room we
can build this giant wing
and have our card and
mock stuff up indoors.
This would have been
really challenging
if we didn't have the space,
because where would we
build this 24 foot long wing?
My house isn't big enough.
By even beyond the
physical space,
there's so many resources
here, like professors
and technical staff, who were
always going to help and say
let me find the optimal flight
path for you guys to fly.
So just the ambient knowledge
of MIT coming together
as we're working really helped
us pull off an awesome plane.
Well, that's the monkey ballers.
Let me tell you something,
there's a big red owl here
today.
Monkey ballers are
in the conversation.
I'm here with the entire team.
Bue we're going to
start with the man
will be piloting the craft.
His name, Alex Bellstein.
He is the man dressed
as the monkey.
So Alex, first and
foremost, how are you
feeling here this morning?
We're feeling really good.
This is a lot of work
that's gone into this plane.
And we know we're
going to crush it.
There is another
possibility, and that is you
go off the end of
the flight deck,
directly into the Charles
River in a crash that
would thrill the crowd
and make Red Bull Flugtag
the true spectacle that it is.
Here they go.
Control line snapped.
We had everything
working on the plane.
We had it tested and everything.
A few nights before
the competition,
we realized that the
problem in our testing
was that our center of
gravity was too far aft.
So we moved it forwards,
and we didn't redo
any of the math on the tail.
We just had the same control
mechanism on the tail
that we did before.
I think it's an important
engineering lesson too.
It doesn't matter if the
wings are perfectly designed
or your balance is perfect,
if you have a weak control
point, weak attachment
somewhere, that's
the thing that's going to break.
In the space race,
the Russians were
going to beat us to
the moon, and they only
didn't make it because
their plane blew up
on the launchpad a
month before ours.
And I'm sure everything
else about that rocket
would have gone to the moon
except for one thing that
leaked, and it didn't go.
And I think engineering
and especially
aerospace engineering
in general has
a history of catastrophic
failure with very, very
minor problems.
And the break at
the end of the day,
it keeps our heads
from getting too big.
And we're MIT, we're
going to keep doing this.
[MUSIC PLAYING]

---

### Seeing the unseen: Thank you to those who keep MIT running
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxYNJINW82A

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Making droplets stick
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NStQ_MasrGs

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
Spraying fields with
pesticides or other treatments
is a common practice
among farmers.
However, it turns out only 2%
of what is sprayed actually
sticks to the plants.
A significant portion of what
is sprayed bounces right off.
This not only
defeats the purpose
of spraying in the first
place, but it can also
be quite damaging in
the form of pollution
to the surrounding
lands and waterways.
But now, by using a clever
combination of polymer
additives, a team
of MIT researchers
have developed a method of
spray that can drastically
cut down the amount of liquid
that bounces off the plants.
The new approach uses two
different kinds of additives.
One gives the
solution to be sprayed
a negative electrical charge,
while the other causes
a positive charge.
When the two oppositely
charged droplets
meet on the leaf
surface, they form
a hydrophilic, or
water-attracting, film
that sticks to the surface
and increases the retention
of further droplets.
Their new approach would
require only minor changes
to the existing equipment
that farmers use.
And since the cost
of pesticides can
be a significant part of
a small farmer's budget,
reducing the amount
that is wasted
could improve the
overall economics
of the farming business.
Furthermore, preventing
bouncing and reducing
the amount of pesticide
sprayed can also
reduce the exposure of farmers
to the spray chemicals.
The polymers used are extracted
from common, low-cost materials
and could be produced locally.
And they are also natural
and biodegradable,
so they will not contribute
to the runoff pollution.

---

### Brain imaging at multiple size scales
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ULPT4vYOlg

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
The human brain is a
complicated organ made up
of networks of neurons
used to transmit signals
back and forth.
In simple terms, it is the
organ responsible for telling
the body what to do
and when to do it.
In an ongoing attempt to
further understand just
how the brain
operates, scientists
have been trying to chart the
connectivity and functions
of neurons in the brain, a task
that is as fascinating as it
is challenging.
Now with a new method
developed at MIT,
researchers have a new
way to image brain tissue
at not just one, but
at multiple scales,
allowing them to peer at
molecules within cells
or take a wider view of
the long-range connections
between neurons.
Their new technique, known as
Magnified Analysis of Proteome,
or MAP, uses a chemical process
to expand tissue samples
while preserving all of the
proteins within the cells
down to the nanoscopic details.
Their technique relies on
flooding the brain tissues
with acrylamide monomers, which
are attached to the proteins
using formaldehyde.
The researchers then link
the monomers together
into a dense, naturally
expandable gel.
Once proteins are
denatured and separated,
the gel expands
the tissue sample
to four or five times
its original size.
Once the tissue is
expanded, the researchers
used an off-the-shelf
antibody to fluorescently tag
specific proteins
they'd like to image.
Then, using a microscope,
the researchers
are able to obtain images with
a resolution as high as 60
nanometers, much better
than the usual 200 to 250
nanometer limit of
light microscopes,
which are constrained by the
wavelength of visible light.
The researchers also
showed that the technique
is applicable to other organs
such as the heart, lungs,
liver, and kidneys.
Current efforts to map the
connections of the brain
rely on electron microscopy,
or low resolution light
microscopy.
But this team of MIT
researchers have demonstrated
that the high
resolution MAP imaging
technique can trace neural
connections easily and more
accurately.
[MUSIC PLAYING]

---

### Are musical tastes cultural or hardwired in the brain?
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMjlZ-0Qm2Q

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
Music is made by
combining notes.
And one of the hallmarks
of Western music
is that there are certain
combinations of notes
that people typically
consider to be
pleasant and certain
combinations of notes
that people consider
to be unpleasant.
And this is true to some
extent in other musics as well,
but it's a very important
phenomenon in Western music.
And so going back
thousands of years,
people have wondered why it is
that some combinations sound
good to people and other
combinations don't.
So scientists have
often hypothesized
that the preference for
consonance over dissonance
has a biological basis and that
people might be born with it.
Ethnomusicologists and
composers in contrast
have typically assumed
that consonance
is a cultural
invention that would
be unique to Western listeners
who grow up in Western culture.
And one of the reasons why
this question has remained
unresolved is because
there's remarkably little
experimental data
in individuals that
don't have massive
amounts of exposure
to Western culture
and Western music.
[NON-ENGLISH SINGING]
So to try to answer
this question,
we went to a rural
part of Bolivia
and did some experiments on
a society called the Chimane.
They're an indigenous society in
the Bolivian Amazon rainforest,
and they're pretty
out of the way.
The Chimane live in
these villages that
are scattered around
the Amazon basin,
and the ones that
are most remote
are really hard to get
to and pretty far removed
from developed Western culture.
So in order to do
experiments on them,
we brought laptops
and headphones
and a gasoline generator
down to Bolivia
and took them with us to
these Chimane villages.
And the experiments
were very simple.
We would play them
sounds and just
ask them to tell us whether
they like them or disliked them.
[TWO SIMILAR BUT DIFFERENT
 SOUNDS]
So we would play them either
consonant combinations of notes
or dissonant
combinations of notes.
And what we found
when we analyzed
the data was that in
contrast to Westerners
who will very consistently
tell you that the consonant
combinations are
pleasant-- they like them--
and that the dissonant
combinations are
unpleasant-- they
don't like them--
the Chimane rated them
as equally pleasant.
So this was a pretty
striking difference
from Western culture.
Of course, there's
lots of explanations
for why they would give you
equal ratings for two things,
perhaps they didn't understand
the task or something
like that.
And so we did a bunch
of control experiments.
And so in contrast what happens
with consonant and dissonant
chords, when you ask them
to rate recordings of people
either laughing or
gasping in fear,
you find that they respond
very similarly to Westerners.
So both Westerners
and Chimane listeners
will tell you that
laughter is pleasant
and that gasps are unpleasant.
And so that gave
us some confidence
that they actually
understand the task
and that the lack of a
difference between consonance
and dissonance was not due
to some uninteresting factor.
So the significance of
these results, I think,
is that they suggest that
the preference for consonance
is not something that
we are simply born with,
and they're not
something that develops
as a consequence of just
any kind of exposure
to natural sounds or
to any kind of music.
They require exposure to a
particular kind of music,
namely those it feature
harmony, we think.
And that's really what we think
differentiates the Chimane
and these other
groups in Bolivia
from American listeners.

---

### New hydrogel that doesn't dry out
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mrcNc5UT0BM

Idioma: en

Hydrogels are a gelatin-like
polymer material made mostly of
water. They are stretchy and
robust and in the case of a
hydrogel developed by a team at
MIT, they can be extremely sticky.
They can be used for a variety
of applications such as embedding
electrical sensors within the
hydrogel to create a "smart
bandage" or as a way to deliver
drugs to a patient. However,
much like anything made up of
over 90 percent water, hydrogels
will eventually dry out losing
their flexibility. Now, the same
team of researchers from MIT
that developed a robust, sticky
hydrogel has found a way to
prevent hydrogels from
dehydrating with a technique
that could lead to longer-lasting
contact lenses, stretchy micro-
fluidic devices, flexible bio-
electronics and even artificial
skin. Their method involves
binding the hydrogels to
elastomers, otherwise known as
elastic polymers such as rubber
and silicone. These elastomers
are stretchy like hydrogels yet
impervious to water. They found
that coating the hydrogels with
a thin elastomer layer provided
a water-trapping barrier that
kept the hydrogel moist, flexible
and robust. The researchers
pulled inspiration from skin.
More specifically the bond
between the epidermis and the
dermis. Where the epidermis acts
as a shield, protecting the
dermis and its network of nerves
and capillaries as well as the
rest of the body's internal
muscles and organs from drying
out. Similarly with their
hydrogel-elastomer hybrid the
elastomer is the shield that
protects the hydrogel and all
the components embedded within
it, from drying out. Next, the
group hopes to further test the
hybrid material's potential in a
number of applications including
wearable electronics and on-demand
drug-delivering bandages, as well
as nondrying, circuit-embedded
contact lenses.

---

### LIGO again detects gravitational waves
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biwlfcljx9Q

Idioma: en

On September 14, 2015, scientists
in the LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
directly observed, for the first
time, the existence of
gravitational waves. And not
only that, they were also able
to determine that the source of
these waves is the product of a
collision between two massive
black holes 1.3 billion light
years away - a remarkably extreme
event that, until now, had not
been observed.
Now, for the second time, scientists
have detected gravitational waves
this time, emanating from
slightly farther out in the
universe, at 1.4 billion light
years away. On December 26, 2015,
LIGO detectors picked up a faint
signal, which scientists have now
determined to be gravitational
waves produced by the collision
of a second pair of black holes.
The black holes orbited each
other at half the speed of light
before merging in a collision
that produced as much energy as
our sun, in the form of
gravitational waves. These black
holes were less massive than
the first pair, and produced a
much subtler signal, that LIGO
scientists were nonetheless able
to detect, using advanced data
analysis techniques.
The scientists converted the
gravitational wave signal into
sound, and compared the resulting
audio with that of the first
gravitational wave signal.
That signal produced a clear and
sharp "chirp" that scientists
could clearly see in the data.
The second signal
was subtler, producing a more
muted, and slightly longer chirp.
This new detection once again
confirms Einstein's theory of
general relativity, and also
proves LIGO's potential for
detecting extremely faint
gravitational waves, traveling
from the farthest reaches of space.

---

### The History of Making Books: Build a Printing Press at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioPT8oDoG_I

Idioma: en

Books are more than just empty
vessels that contain information.
The way they were made tells us
not only about technology and
fabrication, but it also tells
us about the users; the people
who read them. And so, in an
historical sense its an incredibly
important set of insights into
the cultural, and intellectual
history of the period that we're
studying with the students.
If you really want to understand
the kinds of things that have
shaped the human experience
they're never just of one type.
They're never just physics or
chemistry or history or literature.
They're going to be all of those
things put together and this
class has offered our students,
I think, a very tangible example
of those boundary crossings
at work.
So there are three kinds of
experiences that we've built
into the syllabus for our
students. The first is a typical
set of discussions that we have
in a history class. The second
part of the class that we built
in is the contact with the
historical material. Going to
the Rare Books Library, going
to the MIT Museum and seeing
the maps and engravings that are
several hundred years old. The
third part, if we think about
this as mens et manus, hand and
mind is the hand part. And there
what we've asked the students
to do is work in the Hobby Shop
to build a replica of an Early
Modern printing press, and also
to experiment with the
manufacture of paper.
So in order to build the press
we needed to come up with an
appropriate design. We had made
the decision it would be made
out of wood. The wood itself is
kind of interesting because we
were reclaiming a timber from an
old mill building in Clinton, MA.
So it was, whats called, long-leaf
pine. These are very large pieces
of wood: ten by fourteens in
cross-section. So the first thing
that we did was to saw it up
on the bandsaw and then surface
it on the joiner and the thickness
planer into the dimensions of
pieces that we wanted.
Most people here, find it really
exciting to not just get to learn
about something but to build it
and to make it happen. And to
get to the point where there are
problems with it and have to
problem solve.
I very much see the value of
having the students actually
work with some craftsmen's
tools. And do develop some
appreciation for what it means
to take a full beam, a log as it
were, and turn it into pieces of
wood that can be put together in
a way that is stable enough to
manage the pressure of actually
dropping a heavy weight onto a
platen so that an impression
can be made. And until they
actually try this themselves I
think its very difficult for them
to appreciate what's involved.
There are tremendous mis-
conceptions about how things are
made. And the good thing about
this is you really take them
through the whole process and
they really have an understanding
after its done of what's
involved. As opposed to what
you imagine was involved.
I think MIT students have an
interest in preserving good forms
of old technology and not just
moving forward without looking
back and what was good about the
past. And being able to engage
with history in the same way is
really powerful for students here.
More and more the students who
come here have interests beyond
the lab, beyond the virtual world
and are able to engage with some
of the deepest and most profound
questions in humanistic study.
They're not only builders, but
they're artists as well. It's
this rounded student whom I knew
would have a wonderful time with
this class and whom I would have
a fantastic time teaching, and
that's the way its played out.

---

### Ingestible origami robot
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Waj08gk7v8

Idioma: en

A team of researchers at MIT and
elsewhere have developed a tiny
origami robot that can unfold
itself from a swallowed capsule
to complete specific tasks
within the body.
The robot can remove foreign
objects, it can patch wounds,
or it can deliver medicine at
designated locations.
This new, ingestible robot
builds on the teams previous
work on mini origami robots,
however the design of its body
is significantly different.
The challenge with with designing
an ingestible robot is finding
biocompatible materials that
are easy to be controlled and
amenable to the types of
operations that are needed
of the robot.
To address this challenge the
researchers tested about a dozen
different possibilities for the
structural material before
settling on the type of dried
pig intestine used in sausage
casings.
To demonstrate how the robot
works, the researchers folded
the structure into a capsule
made of ice. The ice capsule
travels down the esophagus
into the stomach, where the ice
melts away and the robot
unfolds to its functional form.
At this point, the robot can be
controlled by an external
magnetic field to do work such
as the removal of a foreign
object from the body.
For example, every year,
3,500 swallowed button batteries
are reported in the U.S. alone.
The tiny batteries are digested
normally but if they come into
prolonged contact with the
tissue of the esophagus or
stomach, the batteries can burn
the tissue and become embedded.
Now, using the teams new robot,
the battery could be removed
without surgery.
Once inside the stomach, the
robot could be directed to attach
to the battery. It could lift
the battery from the stomach
coating and then eliminate it
through the digestive system.
Next we would like to do in vivo
experiments. We would also like
to add sensors to the robot, and
redesign the robot so that it is
able to control itself without
the need of an external
magnetic field.

---

### Engineering a second skin
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkpT5BihMio

Idioma: en

So now when you put a bandage or
a coating on the skin, you know
its there. You can feel it, you
can see it, and sometimes it can
even be uncomfortable. So the
goal was to create something
that was totally invisible,
breathable, could coat the skin,
protect it, perhaps deliver
drugs to it, and also perhaps
even make it look better.
What we've been able to do is
create a cream, basically, that
you can put on the skin, and
then once on the skin it can
actually form, essentially, an
elastic second skin. And it's
transparent, it's essentially
invisible, it's not messy at
all, and it has good
mechanical strength.
The way it works is you put it
on in two stages. First, you put
on this invisible cream on your
skin, and that has the polymer
in it. And then, in a second
step you put on what we call a
catalyst and that causes a
cross-linking reaction. And what
all this does is makes a very
adherent layer on top of your
skin. It's very soft and yet its
still mechanically strong, and
it is essentially invisible.
So I think it's fair to say that
this is a platform technology.
And what I mean by that is you
could use it in various
different areas.
One set of things might be in
cosmetics where you'd use it to
tighten skin on different parts
of the body. Another could be
for therapeutics where you'd use
it as a whole new, kind of,
plastic ointment that could be
used to deliver drugs to the
skin to treat different skin
diseases. So there's all kinds
of different directions you
could take this discovery, and
this material, and move it into.

---

### Spotting hidden activity in cells
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHJIEpsFFDY

Idioma: en

Within a cell, organelles such
as the nucleus and mitochondria
appear to move and wobble under
the microscope. Sometimes these
movements are the result of
simply being passively jostled,
but other times these movements
are intentional. Sometimes a
cell exerts extra energy into
these motions to enhance cell
functions in ways we don't yet
understand.
Part of the challenge in
understanding these motions is
the inability to distinguish
certain active motions from
thermal motions, or passive
motions that are driven purely
by surrounding temperatures.
But now, scientists at MIT and
other institutions have
developed a noninvasive
technique that can actually
discern whether an object's
random motion is actively or
thermally driven at the
microscopic scale.
Using video microscopy, the
researchers studied, frame by
frame, the oscillatory or back
and forth motion of an algae's
flagellum. First, they
deconstructed the backbone of
the flagellum into a series of
shapes it assumes as it
completes a cycle. They then
counted the transitions between
states. If the flagellum was
simply moving passively due
to thermal motion, the
transitions between each state
should be balanced. But
they observed a clear imbalance
indicating that the flagellum
was moving via some other,
active process.
Their observations agreed with
what others had already known
about flagella, confirming the
group's technique.
Next, they analyzed the motions
of a kidney cells' cilium; an
antenna-like appendage that
appears to be passively jiggling
back and forth. By tracking the
cilium's orientation and
curvature, and counting
transitions between states, they
observed a slight imbalance in
the transitions, which led to an
unexpected active process,
despite the cilia's passive
appearance.
The researchers say their new
method will help scientists
uncover hidden activity in cells
and shed light on how cells
dissipate energy which,
ultimately, is the key to
sustaining life.

---

### Particles attract across long distances
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZZcgBmS5W4

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Chocolate-inspired theory predicts thickness of coatings
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbl2pJLSoyU

Idioma: en

Inspired by the making of
chocolate confections like hollow
chocolate eggs and bonbons,
a group of MIT researchers
have developed a rapid fabrication
technique and a theory that
accurately predicts the final
thickness of a shell of a known
material given the original
rheological properties of the
material and the geometry of the
mold used for the coating.
Their technique consists of
pouring a liquid polymer onto
curved surfaces, otherwise known
as the mold, until they are
completely coated and solidified.
The specific properties of each
polymer used can be distinguished
by their varying colors and they
can be poured over molds with
varying radii to yield different
results.
Using a set of variables the
researchers are able to predict
precisely how thick the polymer
shell will be once it is in its
final state. For example, they
know the final shell will be
thicker for larger values of the
radius of the mold or the initial
viscosity of the polymer.
The shell will be thinner if the
polymer takes longer to cure.
With their technique, the
researchers can readily and
accurately predict this final
shell thickness based on design
parameters.
Once the coating fully hardens,
it is removed, and measured, and
examined under the microscope
confirming their predictions.
An interesting feature of this
fabrication mechanism is that
the resulting, elastic shells,
are nearly free of any
imperfections and their
thickness is nearly uniform from
the pole to their equator.
Overall their technique is simple
and versatile. It does not involve
high-end equipment and allows
for a robust, rapid, and precise
fabrication technique that has
the potential for practical
applications such as artificial
vesicles, smart skins, as well as
protecting and package films
on curved components.

---

### Processing emotions
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kOJx8tYlbGo

Idioma: en

The brain is one of the more complex
organs in the human body.
Think of it as the central
processing unit for human
function: information comes in,
it is processed, and then a
proper response or output is
released.
But what if the brain has trouble
processing?
For example if a person is
depressed they often do not feel
happy even when experiencing
something they normally enjoy.
Researchers suggest this could be
a result of the brains inability
to correctly assign emotional
associations to events. In a new
study from MIT, researchers
reveal how two populations of
neurons in the brain contribute
to the process of assigning
emotional associations by forming
two parallel channels that carry
information about pleasant or
unpleasant events.
Using mice the researchers first
tagged each population of neurons
with a light-sensitive protein
so they can be distinguished.
And then they trained the mice
to discriminate between two
different sounds: one associated
with a reward of sugar water, and
the other associated with the
bitter taste of quinine.
By analyzing the recorded neurons
researchers found not all of the
neurons reacted the same, and
saw patterns in different
populations defined by their
projection pathway. One group of
neurons was overall more excited
by the reward, while the other
was overall more excited about
the unpleasant taste.
Diving deeper into the details
of even more specific cell
populations is the next step to
fully understand how the brain
processes emotions. The
researchers hope their work will
shed light on mental illnesses
and lead to new therapies that
specifically target circuits
involved in kind of processing.

---

### Making Creativity Visible: The MIT Museum Studio and Compton Gallery
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAH2pkRolqw

Idioma: en

The MIT Museum Studio and
Compton Gallery is the
experimental arm of the MIT
Museum. It's driven by student
ideas; student energy.
The Studio is a completely open
space. A lot of people come in
and they're wondering, "Is this
a classroom? Is it a laboratory?
Can I do research hear? What's
really going on?" And I think
its actually a blend of all
those things. And the whole
point of it is to not fit into
one of these predetermined
catagories and its really the
only space on campus where
students can pioneer their
own creative vision on a project
on an experiment, or anything
else. We want people out there
to understand what makes this
place tick. And one of the key
things that makes MIT tick, is
our students. And at MIT there
are tons of creative people,
artistic people, but there's
not always opportunity, I guess,
to get away and work on a
creative project. And so, for me
the Studio was amazing because
I had the chance to put aside
my other work and go and make
something with my hands and
be artistic. Its really free
form. If you want to have a
more formal UROP experience
they do that here. If you want
to simply have access to the
space, work on some small things
and give back to this community
as well, that's up to you.
In addition to being workspace
its also a gallery so its a place
where we can show off all the
cool projects that go on here.
When you think of the MIT
Museum its like a multidisciplinary
learning environment. I mean,
it's full sensory. Visuals,
sound, interactives, environmental
exhibitions and learning
experiences. And so we thought,
"Why wouldn't we engage students
with this." So the MIT Museum
Studio is an incubator space
where students can come and
build displays, some of which
we hope will go in the museum
for visitors to see.
I think its easy for people to
isolate themselves into a certain
niche of work, or academia, but
what's unique about this space
is that it forces you to break down
those barriers and those walls
and consider things that you
wouldn't normally consider in
a traditional academic setting.
Like how something looks.
How something feels. The MIT
Museum Studio and Compton
Gallery makes student creativity
and learning processes visible.
I would like to see the Studio
become a showcase right at the
center of campus, of that kind
of student exploration and
student expression.

---

### Mapping whale calls reveal feeding in species-specific hotspots
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SA1Y4WNH7Uw

Idioma: en

In October of 2006, a team of
researchers led a two-week
cruise to the Gulf of Maine to
study the behavior of Atlantic
herring populations in the area.
The developed a remote-sensing
system that uses acoustics to
instantaneously image and monitor
fish populations over tens
of thousands of square
kilometers. By towing an array
of 160 hydrophones, north of
Georges Bank, the researchers
were able to collect the data
necessary to map the evolving
shoals over the two-week period.
But that wasn't all they were
able to map. As soon as they
started, they began hearing
haunting sounds from the deep.
But what were they?
Turns out they were whale calls.
Several hundred thousand calls
mostly coming from along the
northern edge of Georges Bank.
In the years to follow the same
team of researchers developed a
novel technique. A method called
"Passive Ocean Acoustic Waveguide
Remote Sensing" that is capable
of mapping diverse species of
marine mammals instantaneously
over one hundred thousand square
kilometer regions from their
calls received on the hydrophone
array. The team gathered research
on the characteristics of various
whale species and looked for
these characteristics in their
acoustic data. They found that
the call rates of four main
species of whales observed:
humpback, sei, minke, and blue,
tended to go up significantly at
night. As it turns out, spawning
herring form big shoals during
the nighttime, so the researchers
say this could be the reason for
the increased number of whale
calls once the sun goes down.
The advantage of their novel
method over the current is the
ability to instantaneously detect
marine life and their behaviors
over wide areas by a factor of
roughly 100 to 1000 times larger
than that of existing methods.
Before now, there have been no
documentation of the simultaneous
temporal-spatial distributions
and behaviors of many whale
species across the fish prey field.
By analyzing the whale calls
received on the hydrophone array,
the group was able to map
species-specific whale hotspots
on the northern flank of Georges
Bank. The whale species hotspots
altogether span the fish
distribution, with varying
degrees of spatial overlap, and
individually define a focused
feeding region for each species,
thus revealing the mechanism
by which diverse species of
whales align themselves for
efficient collective feeding.
The researchers say this
technology could be used to
sense all sorts of things, not
just fish and marine mammals.

---

### New prediction tool gives warning of incoming rogue waves
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgALuj6WUbk

Idioma: en

Waves: Often unpredictable in
size and power, waves can lead
to some serious trouble on
the seas.
One type of wave in particular
can appear to rise from nothing
to form massive walls of water,
trumping the size of a vessel,
only to crash down with
devastating force.
These are called "rogue waves"
and can measure up to eight
times high than the surrounding
seas.
Although they are quite massive,
the challenge is being able to
predict when and where a rogue
wave will appear, with enough
time for a ship's crew to act
accordingly. Now, a new
prediction tool developed by
engineers at MIT may give
sailors two to three minutes
warning of an incoming rogue wave.
To help identify any suspicious
rogue-like activity, researchers
would typically try to simulate
every individual wave in a given
body of water, to give a high-
resolution picture of the sea state.
However this approach requires
clusters of computers to solve
equations for each and every
wave and their interactions
with surrounding waves.
While the results are accurate,
the process is extremely slow,
and computationally expensive.
MIT researchers say their new
method could close the gap on
predicting rogue waves practically,
by allowing these computations
to be done much more efficiently.
Using an algorithm they developed,
the tool sifts through data from
surrounding waves. Depending
on a wave group's length and
height, the algorithm computes
a probability that the wave
group will turn into a rogue
wave within the next few minutes.
In this simulation, the red boxes
indicate high probability for
an extreme event in the future,
green is very low probability
and yellow is moderate. With
their algorithm, the team was
able to spot wave groups of a
certain length and height, that
indicated the group would evolve
into a rogue wave, within the
next two to three minutes.
The researchers say that, as
long as vessels have access to
high-resolution scanning
technologies that can track the
surrounding waves, the algorithm
may be used to give sailors
adequate warning of a
potentially destructive wave.

---

### Sea sponge could be the first animal on Earth
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKfNVYCu6Us

Idioma: en

There is a specific moment in
Earth's history in which most
animals took over the planet,
known as the Cambrian Explosion,
which took place approximately
540 million years ago.
While sea sponges have been
widely thought to be the first
animal on Earth, recent genetic
evidence suggests that the more
complex comb jelly might claim
this title.
But new research by MIT
scientists may side with the
sea sponge. They looked at a
molecule found in rocks that
are 640 million years old,
and confirmed that it was
originally produced by sea
sponges, 100 million years before
the Cambrian Period began.
The evidence suggests that
sea sponges may indeed have
been the first animals to
inhabit Earth.
Very few fossils exist from
well before the Cambrian
explosion, making it extremely
difficult to determine what the
first animals were like. So
researchers at MIT have been
looking for the answer in
molecular fossils, which are
trace amounts of molecules that
have survived in ancient rocks,
long after the actual animal
has decayed away.
The researchers focus on
24-isopropylcholesterol, or
24-ipc for short, a lipid molecule
that is a modified version of
cholesterol. Because this
molecule has been found in
rocks that are 640 million years
old, and is produced today by
sea sponges, it could be the
key to unlocking evidence of
the oldest animal life.
In this study, the scientists
analyzed genes and lipids
across a large group of organisms,
including multiple types of plants,
fungi, and sponges, trying to
determine how many times the
ability to produce 24-ipc has
evolved. They identified a gene
responsible for this molecule,
and discovered that the number
of gene copies each species has
can predict what kind of
molecules they can produce.
They found that only two
organisms - sea sponges and
algae - have enough copies of
this gene to produce 24-ipc.
No matter how they manipulated
the timing of the evolutionary
tree, the researchers found that
sea sponges evolved the extra
copy of the gene much earlier
than algae, and they did so
around 640 million years ago
the same period in which 24-ipc
was found in rocks.
Their results provide strong
evidence that the simple sea
sponge, and thus animals,
appeared on Earth much earlier
than fossils currently suggest.

---

### MIT's Independent Activities Period: A Visual Journey
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBmhgsPntXA

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Material may offer cheaper alternative to smart windows
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyuskPP-xiE

Idioma: en

You may have noticed that as you
stretch certain elastic materials
the thinner they get, the more
transparent they become.
It's a simple enough concept
to grasp, but to be able to
predict mathematically exactly
how much light will be trasmitted
through a material, based on the
amount of stretching, is a bit
more complicated.
Now, MIT scientists have come
up with a theory to predict
exactly how much light is
transmitted through a material
given its thickness, initial
transparency, and degree of
mechanical deformation.
They used PDMS, a rubbery
transparent polymer, dyed with
various colors, a simple platform
to secure the PDMS in place and
air-filled syringes to inflate
the material. Using this setup
the researchers inflated the
material to stretch it and allow
light to shine through.
With no deformation the
structure appears opaque, but
as it is inflated the material
lets in more light, at exactly
the intensities predicted by
their mathematical theory.
The researchers say their
experimental polymer structure
and their predictive understanding
of it may be used in the design
for smart windows, which are
surfaces that automatically
adjust the amount of incomming
light.

---

### One step closer to fusion power
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLI6QW2x4Lg

Idioma: en

Fusion power is based on making
hydrogen atoms, or isotopes of
hydrogen, combine together, or
fuse, to form an atom of helium.
During this process some of the
mass of the hydrogen is
converted to energy. It is this
process that has captivated
scientists for decades because
if harnessed, it could lead us
into a world of virtually
limitless and relatively clean
energy.
The key to making fusion work
is to maintain a high enough
temperature and density to make
the atoms stick together,
overcoming their natural
resistance. But various kinds
of turbulence within the plasma
can disrupt the process,
resulting in a loss of some of
that essential heat.
However understanding and
being able to predict exactly
how this turbulence happens and
how to overcome it has been a
major roadblock in fusion
research until now. The results
of experiments have so far
failed to match the results
predicted based on theory.
Now, researchers at MIT's
Plasma Science and Fusion Center,
in collaboration with others,
say they have found the key to
explaining these discrepancies.
Using some of the world's
largest supercomputers the
researchers were able to figure
out that there are actually two
types of turbulence within the
plasma, and their interactions
can account for the enhanced
heat loss. For the first time,
this cutting edge simulation
of realistic plasma demonstrates
the coexistence of turbulence
at both the tiniest scale, that
of electrons, and at a scale
sixty times larger, that
of ions. The simulation shows
plasma fluctuations due to
both types of turbulence in
the core of Alcator C-Mod
reactor at MIT, which closely
match the observed results.
These results provide a likely
explanation for this longstanding
fusion mystery and put us one
step closer to the goal of
fusion energy.

---

### Tracing a cellular family tree
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7oW9xrEQ3A

Idioma: en

As a single cell divides, it can
produce diverse populations of
cells with different functions
and gene profiles. But how a
single cell is able to generate
such diversity remains unknown.
Now, researchers at MIT have
developed a new technique that
allows them to not only trace
detailed family histories for
several generations of cells
descended from one single
"ancestor" cell but also link
this lineage information with
each cell's genetic profile.
Single-cell lineage and gene
expression information is
important in various biological
contexts such as how stem cells
or immune cells mature and
could even shed light on how
cancer develops.
To track the family history
for a single cell, researchers
engineered a microfluidic device
that first traps an individual
cell and then all of its
descendants. The device has
several connected channels,
each of which has a trapping
pocket used to capture single
cells in precise locations.
After the initial cell grows and
divides, its progeny float
downstream and are captured in
the next available trap. Through
this process of dividing and
trapping, researchers were able
to track where single cells
traveled after division and
were able to determine lineage
relationships such as sister
cells, cousin cells and so on,
for multiple generations.
By reversing the flow direction,
the researchers were able to
remove cells, one at a time,
from the device, allowing them
to conduct single-cell RNA
sequencing. In the end, this
process allows researchers to
link genetic profile collected
with single-cell RNA sequencing
with the lineage information
previously collected.
They hope to use this technique
to learn more about immune cell
development and cancer cell growth.

---

### Microscope creates near-real-time videos of nanoscale processes
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1J9N5ZxRqc

Transcrição não disponível

---

### A more inclusive MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33lJ-eeKt5E

Idioma: en

When I think of diversity I
think of diversity and
inclusion. The two go hand
in hand together.
Diversity to me is that rich
intersection of different ideas,
perspectives and backgrounds
coming together. And inclusion
allows that intersection to go
forth. So that creativity and
innovation move forward.
I think diversity is one of those
things that you don't really
have to consciously address
all the time but it will manifest
itself unconsciously. So for me
as a black kid growing up in
upstate New York my race was
definitely a big key difference
between me and my peers.
And just being able to talk
about these key differences in
our identities and experiences
was one of the big ways I saw
diversity and the aims of really
being inclusive towards everyone
being seen and being implemented.
Diversity also means social
mobility. Now I'm an MIT student
in Cambridge, MA. But I'm also
the child of immigrant parents.
Now, my parents are actually
refugees. They met in refugee
camp in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
And they remind me all the time:
don't let any opportunity go
to waste.
So nationally there's been a lot
of focus lately on issues of
diversity and inclusion on
college campuses. It was
important for us to, kind of,
identify how MIT was going to
respond to these issues.
Understanding that MIT is not
really a competitive but more
of a collaborative institution,
meant that the way we were
going to approach this problem
was from multiple angles and
from multiple levels. So that's
MIT students, faculty, staff,
and administrators coming
together to put forth this list
of recommendations and understand
that the way we're going to make
this community change is among
its members, and all of its
members.
All of us have different thoughts
and ideas. It doesn't matter if
we grew up on different sides of
the world, or if we grew up in
the same neighborhood, we're
all different. We're all unique.
We're all diverse. And an
inclusive environment allows
all of us to come together
to collaborate. To create.
To innovate and ultimately
change MIT and the world.

---

### Stretchable hydrogel electronics
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3TqCrLUgC0

Idioma: en

We are developing long term,
high-efficacy, interfaces
between the human body and
electronic devices.
Common electronic devices, like
this, are mostly hard and dry.
On the other hand most of the
human tissues are soft and wet
which are hydrogels: polymer
networks infiltrated with water.
What we and many other groups
have developed a very tough and
robust hydrogel that can mimic
the physiological and mechanical
properties of the human body.
Like this: they are very, very
soft and very, very stretchable.
In addition, in this year, we've
developed a method to bond
various types of electronic
material on hydrogels to form
extremely robust adhesion
between the electronic material
and the hydrogel matrix.
For example we demonstrated a
smart, hydrogel-based, wound
dressing which integrate
different types of sensors and
drug delivery channels and the
reservoirs. When the sensor
senses an abnormal temperature
at a certain region of the body
the drug delivery channel can
automatically deliver a specific
type of drug to that location.
So we imagine these kind of
interfaces, between the human
body and the electronic devices,
will have many future important
applications. For example we
want to explore various types
of hydrogel-based implantable
devices in the body to form this
long-term, high-efficacy, human-
electronic interfaces and to
avoid side effects.

---

### Imaging brain proteins
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AGT5AXPsxU

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Ingestible sensor can measure heart and breathing rates
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zq8cfLv84Q

Idioma: en

The capability we're trying
to develop is a way to measure
your vital signs, things like
heart rate, breathing rate and
core temperature, in a device
that you can swallow and just
forget about. So what we did
with our technology is identify
components that were compatible
with ingestion. These are very
small microphones, similar to
the ones used in common cell
phones, and actually listen
from within the body and
extract the heart rate and
respiratory rate.
The way that vital signs are
collected now is almost always
using a device that touches the
skin. And in some cases that's
inconvenient, say a trauma
patient, with burns that cover
the majority of their body, it
is impossible or extremely
difficult in that case without
causing a lot of pain to be
touching that patient. And so
we wanted to develop a
capability that involved no
contact with the body other
than within the GI tract.
So the way that this is done
now is you go to the doctor
and they use a stethoscope to
listen to your heart and lungs.
We just reduce that down to the
size of say an almond, and that
can be easily swallowed and a
device can be built around that
that can wirelessly transmit the
data outside of the body.
So I think it is important to
understand that the vital signs
monitoring field has been around
for a while. And in fact
stethoscopes have been used for
over a hundred years, and are
broadly used, but what really
hasn't been done is actually
evaluate the vital signs from
all the different portions of
the GI tract and in all of these
fed and fasting states really
sort of demonstrating for the
first time the capacity to do
this from within. So up to now
we focused on building a sensor
that's small enough that you can
swallow and to develop a signal
processing algorithm that can
turn body sounds into heart and
breathing rates. The next step
and what we're currently working
on is to build an entirely
wireless device comprised only
of FDA approved components that
can be ingested, and we'll be
testing these devices to collect
heart, breathing rate and core
temperature.

---

### A Moment in Time: Time capsule found during construction at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0MVqBbOIss

Idioma: en

It was just like any other day
on the MIT.nano project site.
We were digging outside of
building 26, on the west side,
and as we got further down in
the hole we saw something that
looked a little out of place.
We stopped and started to hand
dig at that point with shovels
and sure enough as we got
further around the object and
exposed it more it was certainly
something that shouldn't
have been there. So it
definitely caught out attention
and at that point worked stopped.
Once we determined that it was
safe to remove, the MIT Office
of Environmental Health and
Safety came by to pick it up.
Once they had in a situation
where they could open it, under
containment, and it was safe,
they revealed to us the contents
which was really amazing. It was
a time capsule with all kinds of
interesting objects inside.
Completely out of the blue, I
get an email which says,
"Facilities has found a time
capsule do you have any
information associated with
this?" And I recognized it
immediately as the 1957 time
capsule that was buried as part
of the dedication ceremonies
for building 26, and was the
first of two very well known
time capsules here on campus
because they were both designed
and created and facilitated by
one of our most famous
professors, Harold Edgerton.
He saved things, he loved
history, he loved the world so
its, to me, completely within
his personality when they
started to think about creative
ways to create a ceremony to
mark the occasion of a new
building, that he say, "Let's
make a time capsule!"
Glass is a perfect material to
use for this because it is so
inert over the long term.
So it could have been soda-lime
glass or borosilicate glass or
almost any kind of stable glass;
would have been a good container
for the contents of these things
because its buried in the ground.
So wood is going to rot and
metal will oxidize and rust and
eventually rust through and the
contents would be destroyed.
But glass is stable over really
long time scales. There's
something incredibly interesting
about this capsule and that is
the sign taped on the outside of
the glass that says: Do not open
until 2957. That's mind-boggling
if you think about it. 2957?
Seriously? That's a thousand
years from the burial of the
time capsule.
This would last at least a
thousand years maybe two or
three thousand years. But I
the way they did this is I think
there were two sealing phases
here. First they had an open-
ended cylinder. And they had
these two caps that got joined
here right where the cylinder
comes to an end. And before they
put that first cap on they
stuffed everything inside that
they could get in there. And,
actually I think they put some
sort of little shield in there
to prevent the heat from any
particles from getting down and
burning what was inside. I think
they used two torches. I think
they used one torch to gently
pre-heat the whole top, and then
another guy came along while a
second person was pre-heating
the general area and did a
specific seal with a hotter
torch right there. So a thousand
years to me was amazing and
in fact James Killian, who was
the president and the chief
participant in this burial, he
wrote a letter that's inserted
into the capsule and he mentioned
that they deposited documents
and mementoes, "which tell
something of the state of
science, technology and education
and, more specifically the state
of Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, at the time when we
dedicate the Karl Taylor Compton
Laboratories on Jun 10, 1957 A.D."
And then Killian adds, "We cannot
guess what the next millennium
holds for the world or whether
you will regard our age as one
of science. But we are confident
that you will have a greater
understanding of the Universe
and that we will have made some
contribution to that understanding.
We wish you continued success in
the pursuit of knowledge.
It's a beautiful letter really
that captures something of MIT
of their sense of our times and
their place in the world. And
you sense in this letter Killian's
fundamental optimism that the
human species will survive that
it will continue to be creative
and that the work of MIT will be
somehow recognized as important
to the world history.

---

### Gordon-MIT Engineering Leadership Program
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgSJhziz7ns

Idioma: en

The GEL Program is the
Gordon-MIT Engineering
Leadership Program. It's a one
or two year sequence for
undergraduates at MIT. And
basically the purpose is to
supplement MIT's excellent
technical education by teaching
the leadership skills that are
important when someone goes out
into industry or for that matter
into academia or any
organizational structure where
your success depends not only
on what you know, not only on
what you do with what you know
but how effectively you can
interact with the organization
in order to make things happen.
We feel very strongly that you
can learn about leadership in
classroom, but to effectively
develop your skills at leading
teams, projects, and programs
you should do that immersively
on the playing field and that's
the environment that we've set
up in our Engineering Leadership
Program. When you're a student
working on homework, whether
its a paper or a p-set, you're
getting a lot of theoretical
knowledge and even when you're
working on projects for classes
you're getting a lot of
practical knowledge as well.
But when you get to industry
you first experience working
on a team, on a large-scale
project that needs to be
delivered on time, within budget
and to specification. You're
working with a team: you're
working with people, you're
working for people, and that's
a new experience for a lot of
MIT graduates. MIT students are
very strong technically, but
maybe not so strong when it
comes to communication. So
these skills are something that
are absolutely critical for not
only engineers but people
across the board here at MIT.
And its cool that the GEL
program allows you to gain
these skills so that when we go
out into the field, and into our
jobs or internships, or whatever
we're up to next, we see that
we have the skills to tackle
what we're up against. And
its neat that a program like
this, at MIT, allows you to do
that. Students apply to the
program. They are voluntarily
doing this in addition to their
regular academic curriculum,
so it's an academic overload.
The one-year program is simliar
to a concentration. Participation
in the two-year program is
similar to that of a minor. The
program has its own curriculum.
It consists of four different
academic classes and is also
buoyed by hands-on, immersive
engineering leadership labs; it
is the experiential component
of the program. So in the
Gordon program we take these
students and we put them in
positions where they're actually
leading a group of their fellow
students. From the very first
lab first year students are
assigned to a team. They'll
be a member of that team for
the entire semester. They'll
get opportunities to formally
lead that team. They'll also
get an opportunity to be a
team member to participate in
the stages of team development.
That team will be coached by
a second-year student that will
formally assess the performance
of the first-year students.
And by the end of the program
you'll notice a difference in
how your team works together
and how you are both as a
follower leading from within,
and as the set leader for
your group. In the eight years
we've been doing the program
its been remarkable watching
the emerging leadership and the
development of each student.
From timid, shy, introverted
student when they enter the
program. To confident, take
charge, support the team from
below, capable, effective leader
that is ready for industry.
And year, after year, after year
we get feedback from our
alumni that are saying the very
things they practiced week over
week in GEL are the very things
that are propelling them to
early career success in industry.
I remember when I was in GEL
several times it crossed my
mind, where I was like, "Of
course communication is key.
Of course communication is
vital." You always want to be
in sync with your teammates.
But it didn't really click to me
until I started working full
time. GEL has helped me the
most in a sense of followship
as well as leadership. And the
topic comes up a couple times
in GEL where its leading from
below. There's a lot of times,
definitely starting as an intro
software engineer, where before
I probably would have kinda sat
in front of my computer, pushed
my code and moved on to the
next day. Where now, because
of GEL, I pay a lot more
attention to our system of
organization, how our leaders
are leading as well as what are
some ways I can learn from that
and make myself a better
developer, leader and person
in the work force.
My big thing at MIT has been
impact. How can I make an impact
and leave a legacy here. And GEL
has been my way to do that.
I'm forming and shaping this
program so that years of
students to come can benefit
from it as I have. We have
students in industry who come
back recruiting for their
companies and they specifically
come back recruiting other GEL
students because they and their
company recognize how valuable
the GEL program has been.
MIT has a great motto, which is
actually part of the culture,
"mind and hand", "mens et manus"
combining theoretical knowledge
with he actual practical ability
to use that knowledge in the
world. I like to think that in
the Gordon program we're taking
that even a step further by
talking about: how do you
actually apply that in the world?
What are the issues that it
takes in terms of organizational
skills, teamwork, working
together with other people?
Essentially it's, who's mind?
Who's hand? What kind of a
person actually is the most
effective at taking that
knowledge and taking that
ability to build things and
combining it in order to make
products that make a difference
in the world.

---

### New Earth-like exoplanet discovered
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nbNnU2bcII

Idioma: en

An exoplanet is a planet that
orbits a star other than the sun.
In recent years, astronomers
have discovered exoplanets as
small as the Earth, but none
of these Earth-size planets
have orbited stars close enough
to study in detail. Now, a group
of astrophysicists have
discovered a new exoplanet
that is Earth-sized, and rocky,
orbiting a star only 39 light-
years from Earth, making it the
closest Earth-sized exoplanet
discovered to date.
The researchers identified the
new planet using an array of
40-centimeter-wide robotic
telescopes, located in the
mountains of Chile. The
telescope array searches for
planets by monitoring the
brightness of nearby, small
stars - taking measurements of
starlight every 25 minutes.
If there is a dip in a star's
brightness, it could indicate a
planet passing in front.
On May 10, 2015, one telescope
picked up a faint dip in
starlight from GJ 1132, a star
located 39 light-years from
Earth. To confirm this was
indeed a planet, the telescope
observing this star upped its
observations from 25-minute
intervals to every 45 seconds.
Coupled with observations from
other large telescopes in the
area, they found that GJ 1132's
brightness dimmed by .3 percent
every 1.6 days - a clear signal
that a planet was regularly
passing in front of the star.
Based on the amount of starlight
the planet blocked, and the
radius of the star, the group
calculated that the planet is
about 1.2 times the size of
Earth. From the planet's size,
and its proximity to its star,
the scientists estimate the
planet's average temperature
to be around 450 degrees
fahrenheit. The planet is also
likely tidally locked, meaning
that it has a permanent day
and night side, presenting the
same face to its star, similar
to how our moon faces the earth.
Although the surface temperature
may be inhabitable, compared to
most rocky exoplanets that have
been discovered, this planet
is actually cool enough to have
a substantial atmosphere.
With more powerful telescopes,
such as the James Webb Space
Telescope, launching in 2018,
scientists may be able to
uncover many more details
about the planet's atmosphere,
including the speed of its winds
and the color of its sunsets.

---

### Newly engineered water superglue
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8uLu1w53AU

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Bedrock weathering based on topography
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OlE41VOB94

Idioma: en

When it comes to planet Earth
there are various layers between
the surface and the core.
Buried just beneath the Earth's
surface, beneath roots and soil,
is the solid bedrock of
Earth's crust.
Bedrock often serves as the
parent material for soil,
which is an essential ingredient
for most organisms that live on
land. Air and water can
penetrate the rock through
cracks and fissures,
chemically breaking it up
and ultimately creating soil.
This weathering of bedrock is
so fundamental to life on Earth
that scientists have dubbed
the layer where weathering
happens the, "critical zone".
But we know very little about
the mechanisms that control
the thickness of this zone
where rock, air, and water
interact. Fracturing of rock
also controls how mountain
ranges erode away.
Now, scientists have found a way
to predict the depth and extent
of bedrock weathering, given
a location's topography.
The group developed a model
that estimates the thickness
of the layer where the bedrock
is broken up or fractured, given
the forces generated by
topography, gravity and plate
tectonics. The model computes
how topography focuses
gravitational forces due to
the weight of overlying rock,
and regional forces associated
with the push or pull of
tectonic plates. It takes these
forces into account to determine
whether and to what extent
bedrock will crack under the
pressure associated with a
given landscape's topography.
Using their model, they found
that if a landscape is
undergoing little tectonic
compression, the fractured zone
should parallel the overlying
topography (think layers of
lasagna). If , however, a region
is under high tectonic
compression, the fractured
zone will resemble a mirror
image of the landscape:
thicker beneath ridges and
thinner under valleys.
To test the models predictions
the researchers visited three
sites within the United States
with varying tectonic forces.
In each location, they took
seismic and electrical
conductivity measurements to
gauge the extent of the
fracturing in the underlying
bedrock. The speed at which
seismic waves move through
rock can provide data on the
mechanical state of the rock.
For example, seismic waves
move faster through solid rock
and slower through rock
containing many fractures.
Ultimately, their measurements
matched well with their model's
predictions. This model could be
used to gain more knowledge
about the mechanical properties
of bedrock and understand how
Earth's critical zone functions.
The model may also help gauge
a building site's susceptibility
to earthquake shaking
or landslides.

---

### Controlling the bubbles of boiling water
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XtekyM8awWc

Idioma: en

So, boiling of water is an
incredibly useful process.
It allows us to move a lot of
heat very effectively and you
often see it in many different
industries. In fact most of the
worlds electricity comes from
power plants that run some sort
of steam cycle. But the way in
which water boils is basically
controlled by the formation of
these bubbles. And we've never
had great control of how these
bubbles are generated.
And what we've been trying
to do is in fact change this
boiling process in a way such
such that we can maximize the
efficiency of the system or
improve the heat transfer
performance. So what we can do
here is use these surfactant
molecules which are commonly
known as detergents, essentially.
And what we do here is by
applying an electric field we
can allow these surfactant
molecules to absorb to the
surface. And in this process
of having these molecules on
the surface, you can initiate
the boiling process and have
bubbles form. And now when you
now change the polarity of the
field or reduce the field in a
way, then you can in fact allow
these surfactant molecules to
move away from the surface
and turn off the bubble
generation process.
Fundamentally we've never
really thought about boiling
in this way, where it is sort of
a controllable process. The
analogy I like to use is the
electrical resistor. Boiling is
basically like an electrical
resistance that resistance never
changes. However what we've
done is we've kind of created a
transistor in a way where we
can change the thermal
resistance on the fly. And so
this process we've always
thought of as this very passive
process of just moving energy
across a thermal resistance is
fundamentally different now.
With our approach what we're
able to do is be able to
modulate the ability to improve
the efficiency or the
performance of these systems
on demand. We can control the
steam output. We can control the
temperature. And perhaps there
are a lot of applications that
we just haven't even thought of
in terms of energy and moving
heat that we could now do if we
have something that acts more
like a thermal transistor.

---

### Climate change could bring deadly heat to Persian Gulf
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W05c04Ge4-o

Idioma: en

We have been looking in my group
at the regional impacts of
global climate change. The
change in the climate that will
result from changing in the
chemical composition of the
atmosphere. Change in the
concentration of the
atmosphere and change in the
concentration of carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse gases.
And instead of focusing on the
global scale we have been
looking at the regional scale.
And the results of our research
pin-point a region where we
think the impacts of global
climate change with be quite
severe in terms of temperature.
However instead of focusing on
the regular temperature that
everyone is used to, we are
focusing on a variable we call
the "wet bulb temperature".
And the wet bulb temperature
measures temperature conditions
and humidity conditions at the
same time. And the reason we
choose to look at the wet bulb
temperature is because it is a
measurement that has direct
impact on human health.
For maintaining the inner
temperature of a human body
at around 37 degrees centigrade
you need to have wet bulb
temperature conditions that are
35 degrees centigrade or less.
And that would enable the body
to get rid of the metabolic heat
that gets generated. Approach
and exceed 35 degrees centigrade
it will not be physically
feasible for the body to get
rid of that heat. And that
would lead to hyperthermia
and may lead to deaths for
some of the people who get
exposed to that. So the main
finding of this study is the
projection that in cities and
localities around the Persian
Gulf also known as the Arabian
Gulf, conditions in the future,
towards the end of the 21st
century, would be such that the
wet bulb temperature will
approach and exceed 35 degrees
centigrade. I would like to
emphasize, however, that
exceeding 35 degrees centigrade
will not be a frequent
occurence in the future even
under the business as usual
scenario. Such rare heat waves
are projected to occur only once
every decade or every few
decades. The same modeling
results that performed indicate
that under scenarios in which
we assume that serious mitigation
efforts are being taken to
reduce the emissions of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse
gases, and its those conditions
the impacts of global climate
change on temperature
conditions in southwest asia
will not be as severe as in the
case of the business-as-usual
scenario.

---

### Ultrasound drug delivery
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6BMYNXbwLU

Idioma: en

Gastrointestinal-based diseases
such as inflammatory bowl
disease are a huge problem
because them impair the organs'
function locally and cause
really severe inflammation of
the tissue directly.
And so, you need to get local
concentrations of drug to that
tissue to tamp down the
inflammation but a lot of the
symptoms that come along with
these diseases prevent being
able to retain the drug locally
to get sufficient absorption
to treat the inflammation.
So, the problem that we're
addressing here is ensuring
the drug reaches the tissue,
and insuring that happens as
fast as possible so that the
drug can start exerting its
affect on the disease.
So the technology utilizes
ultrasound and most people
are familiar with ultrasound
in the clinic for imaging,
for example, and that's very
high-frequencies. This device
uses really low frequencies,
below about 100 kilohertz.
What happens at those frequencies
is when ultrasound is propagating
through a fluid it actually
nucleates little bubbles.
And these bubbles move around
chaotically and they stir the
solution. Eventually they
actually implode and that
creates little jets of the
surrounding solution, and its
when these jets hit the tissue
they're able to, sort of,
physically push the drug into
the tissue, and thats how you
get this ultra-rapid delivery
and pushing of the medication
into the tissue, locally. As
opposed to just waiting for the
drug to slowly, sort of, transit
or diffuse into the tissue.
Here it is an active form of
delivery. So we really hope
this technology can make it to
the clinic, be used by the
patients who need it the most
to improve clinical outcomes
and improve really the quality
of life they they're able
to live.

---

### Strengthening metal at the nanoscale and eliminating defects
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1KiRASnE24

Transcrição não disponível

---

### How the brain encodes time and place
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnM7gt-Gs4Q

Idioma: en

When you remember a particular
experience, that memory has
three critical elements:
what, when and where.
MIT researchers have now
identified a brain circuit that
processes the "when" and
"where" components of memory.
This circuit, which connects
the hippocampus, a brain
structure known to be
critical for memory formation,
and a region of the cortex
known as the entorhinal cortex,
separates location and timing
into two streams of information.
Previous models of memory
had suggested that the
hippocampus separates timing
and context information,
however, this new study shows
that this information splits
even before it reaches
the hippocampus.
The researchers identified
two populations of neurons
within the entorhinal cortex
that convey this information
to the hippocampus, which they
have dubbed "ocean cells" and
"island cells." According to the
neuroscientists, island cells
help the brain to form
memories linking two events
that occur in rapid succession,
and ocean cells are required to
create representations of a
location where an event
took place.
By using optogenetics, which
allows for control of neuron
activity using light, the
researchers found that the
firing rates of island cells
depends on how fast the
subject is moving, leading the
researchers to believe that
island cells help the subject
navigate their way through
space. Ocean cells, meanwhile,
help the subject to recognize
where it is a given time.
Next the researchers plan to
investigate how timing and
location information are further
processed in the brain to
create a complete memory.

---

### Siberian Traps likely triggered end-Permian mass extinction
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNs9U4qVOII

Idioma: en

Around 252 million years ago
more than 96 percent of marine
species and 70 percent of land
species disappeared in a
geological instant. This event
the so-called end-Permian mass
extinction or more commonly
known as, "The Great Dying"
remains the most severe
extinction event in Earth's
history, but its direct cause
has remained a mystery.
Scientists suspect massive
volcanic activity in an area of
Russia called The Siberian Traps
may have had a role in the
Great Dying by raising the air
and sea temperatures and
releasing toxic amounts of
greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere of a very short
period of time. However, until
now, scientists could not
pinpoint when exactly the mass
extinction and eruptions happened
in relation to each other.
MIT researchers have now
determined the Siberian Traps
erupted at the right time and
for the right duration to have
been a likely trigger for the
end-Permian extinction.
By determining the age of rocks
in the region the team came up
with an exact timeline for the
start and end of the eruptions.
They found that the Siberian
Traps began to erupt around
300 thousand years before the
start of the extinction.
These initial eruptions were
followed by massive outpourings
of lava covering a region as
large as the United States. This
area likely kept erupting in
fits and starts finally petering
out about 500 thousand years
after the extinction's end.
While the Siberian Traps has
long been a suspected cause of
the end-Permian extinction the
team says its new timeline is
in essence a smoking gun,
placing the eruptions in the
right place and time to have
been the extinction's main
trigger. Next, the team hopes
to determine the exact tempo of
eruptions, to perhaps identify
a tipping point int he planet's
climate leading up to the
mass extinction.

---

### Untangling the mechanics of knots
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6cdTxpNB6Y

Idioma: en

Knots are used widely in our
every day life. All the way from
rock-climbing to sailing to
surgery. And empirically over
the many centuries of us tying
knots we have learned how to
relate how some knots are better
than others for specific
applications. But what we lack
is a predictive understanding,
so models that are able to
relate a particular knot
configuration with its
mechanical response, which is
what our study is able to
provide. When you tie your
shoelaces if you do a left-handed
knot followed by another left-
handed knot the result is not
as secure than if you do a left-
handed (knot) followed by a
right-handed knot. Now, the
question is: Why? To address
this question we started with
the simplest possible knot,
which is called the treffle knot
which looks like this, and
change the topology by adding
subsequent turns to the knot.
And then we asked, how much
force does it take to pull the
knot shut? And I can keep
increasing the number of turns
and so as we increase the
number of turns what we are
doing is we are increasing the
force that it takes to close the
knot; that is essentially making
the knot more secure. And we
show that by varying the number
of turns from one to ten, say,
we can increase the pulling
force by a factor of a thousand.
So we can divide this problem
into two parts. We have to be
able to deal with what's
happening in this braid, and
what is happening in this loop.
And the braid is particularly
difficult because we have to
deal with the bending energies
of the rope, the tension, as
well as the friction that comes
from the fact that we have
self-contact in between the rod.
And putting all of this together
into a predictive framework was
the challenge. So in our
experiments we didn't actually
use standard rope we used
nitinol rods and we tied our
treffle knots, changed the
topology by increasing the
number of turns and at some
point the pulling force becomes
so high that I can't actually
close the knot. Because we can
so dramatically change the force
that it takes to slip this knot
we might be able to control
how heavy an object we might be
able to sustain by changing the
topology.
Of course to start somewhere
we had to start with a very
simple example first but what
I believe we have done is set
up the foundations from which
more complex knots configurations
can be studied.

---

### Self-driving golf carts
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEdU1urx8zY

Idioma: en

We are developing customized
solutions for transportation
with self-driving cars.
Specifically we are creating
a fleet of autonomous vehicles.
Autonomous buggies that look
like golf carts that can
navigate roads safely without
crashing into obstacles.
The way that our driverless
golf carts work is essentially
based on some laser sensors that
are able to sense the surrounding
of the vehicle. And we use them
for a number of purposes.
First thing its clearly for is
collision avoidance. So these
laser sensors are able to see
around the vehicle and can sense
if pedestrians, animals, trees
are nearby and can avoid
collisions with that. They can
also recognized what the
surroundings of the vehicle
look like. And then we use
that to recognize where we are
on a map that we have prepared
beforehand. So what we can do
is plan the paths that these
vehicles will follow and the
vehicles using these sensors
will be able to recognize where
they are on the map, follow
the path, detect obstacles,
pedestrians, other vehicles and
so on and so forth. And if needed
(the vehicle can) deviate from
the path to avoid collisions
and then get back to the path.
". . . the pace was alright and
when there were two guys walking
in front, it actually slowed
down. . ." Now these cars
can be used as private vehicles
or they can be used as a shared
transportation system. People
are already using shared
transportation systems. The bike
transportation systems that are
available in most cities are
such examples. The problem with
a shared bike system is that
people tend to go to the same
places. And that means that some
of the stations get loaded with
bikes while others are depleted.
Now imagine if we had robot
vehicles, they would be able to
drive themselves to where they
are supposed to be. For example
if you wanted to ride our system
you would book a ride, a robot
car would come to pick you up
and drive you to your
destination. After dropping you
off the robot car would
coordinate with the other cars
in the system to figure out
who is the next person waiting
in line, where is that
destination and it would drive
itself there.

---

### Women's Technology Program at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuEvH1F55cI

Idioma: en

The MIT Women's Technology
Program (WTP) is a rigorous 4-week
summer academic and residential
experience where female high
school students explore engineering
and computer science through
hands-on classes, labs and team-
based projects in the summer
after eleventh grade.
Students attend WTP in either
Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science or in Mechanical
Engineering. The goal of WTP is
to encourage these students to
apply colleges with engineering
and computer science programs
and to pursue these fields as
their careers.
We deliberately try to pick in
the application process students
who do not already know they want
to be engineers. We don't want
students who have been exposed to
engineering. We want the students
who are thinking, "I might want
to major in biology, I might want
to be a doctor. I'm not sure what
I want to do. I like art." So we
want the students who are good
at math and science but haven't
been exposed to engineering and
don't really no much about it.
And it's really fascinating to
see their views on engineering
change because when they come in
many of them have the stereo-
typical view that engineers and
scientists work alone, they're
often male, they don't interact
much with other people etc...
And as they find out when they're
here so much of engineering is
teamwork. And also the lack of
female role models. Many high
school girls have not met a female
engineer or computer scientist
until they attend college.
And so when they get exposed to
not only lots of different role
models in the field but also the
actual material itself, they
really start to get so excited
about all the potential and start
to see that they themselves might
be able to be in this field one
day. And I think that's the main
goal of WTP to really give them
a taste of something but still
leave them wanting more. We want
to spark this interest and we
want to show that these topics
we love and are excited about are
things that other people should
also love and be excited about.
And so I think a little bit of
spreading the message of telling
them how wonderful the
opportunities are in engineering
and science so that they can
pursue that whether it's back in
their hometown or in college and
beyond.
(It's supposed to be at 8.2. . .)
So I was part of the WTP
Mechanical Engineering 2006 class
which was the first year they
ran the MechE track, and I
actually didn't want to be an
engineer at all. I really wanted
to be a documentary filmmaker
and so I was applying to summer
programs for film and arts, but
my physics teacher said he'd
only write me a letter of
recommendation for those programs
if I also applied to WTP. I was
really good at math and science
but I never really knew what
engineering was and I really
enjoyed it because on the first
or second day they gave a toolbox
and we got to take apart a
printer and see all the parts
inside and I was like, "Oh, this
is awesome!" So it really, really
opened my eyes and changed my
life for real.
I think its also really
interesting to watch because you
get this completely different
perspective. For a lot of us
having been in our fields for
ten years or maybe a little more
you sort of forget what it was
like when you first started.
And to see these girls both
struggle but also have these
moments of just total joy when
they get something to work is a
really rewarding experience. And
hearing the students say, "Oh I
had no idea about this topic but
now I want to this, or I want to
do this!" Or maybe they say, "I
want to do exactly what you're
doing in your research!" is a
really good feeling because it
feels like a little step towards
improving all of the environments
and all of the conditions for
everyone in engineering and
science but especially women.
In my physics class I was the
only girl so I thought that's
how it was, but seeing all these
other females actually boosted
my self-esteem and made me much
more confident in my abilities.
And I feel like I left the program
with a much better sense of myself
than coming in which was really
amazing.
The way I counsel my undergraduate
advisees and my own children is
really, you have to find what
you're passionate about and then
do it. And don't worry if it
changes throughout time, just
find what you're passionate about
and do it. So seeing people go
through the program and realize
that this is something they
could actually love and be
passionate about is what I most
love. And I am so grateful for
this opportunity to affect these
young women's lives in such a
positive way.
I think it's very important for
a program like WTP to exist at
MIT because MIT has an image as
this very prestigious and hard
to access place. But our WTP
students come here and our MIT
students who teach in WTP put a
human face on MIT. And also it
gives the students a realization
that this is not a place that is
out of reach for them. They
definitely can come here and
succeed and many of them do.
So I would like to encourage
students who are very enthusiastic
about working hard over four weeks
in the summer, who enjoy problem
solving and collaboration and who
want to experience hands-on
learning to apply to WTP because
you never know unless you apply.

---

### Robot with human reflexes
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-5n2IsdCqU

Idioma: en

HERMES is a humanoid platform
that we've been trying to develop
in order to deploy into disaster
situations scenarios. So you
want to be able to deploy a
human, but once its too dangerous
to deploy a human itself we
wanted to be able to deploy
something that could do work as
a human would be able to.
So the way I like to think about
this project is that we're trying
to put the human's brain inside
the robot. So we want to take
advantage of what humans can
do. Humans can learn and adapt
in order to face new situations
and challenges that we may not
predict. For humanoid robots or
legged-robots in general,
keeping balance is critical to
being able to carry out any task.
We've decided to tackle this
head-on by feeding the balance
sensations of the robot back
to the human as forces on his
waist. That way we can take
advantage of the natural
reflexes and the learning
capability of the human to be
able to keep the robot balanced.
So we try to give the human as
much freedom as possible. So the
suit is a full-body suit so the
human can move their arms and
both legs. And the idea is that
the robot is going to follow
exactly the same way. The human
also has handle controllers with
which you can push a couple
buttons and those buttons are
responsible for controlling the
hands of the robot. So for
grasping or releasing we control
the force that which the robot
is grasping this object very
firmly or loosely or even to let
it go. We also have a camera in
the robots head, where your head
would be, and that vision that
the robot sees is fed back to
the operator in some vision-
goggles. When the human wants
to do more delicate tasks,
like things that really require
vision and strict positioning,
he can use goggles and do a more
precise manipulation with his
hands. So currently we have the
whole actions taken by the robot
is commanded by the human but we
know that may not be the
ultimate solution for the problem
so we want to implement some
intelligence in the robot.
The human is still going to
provide that creativity that
problem-solving and the large
scale coordination of all the
joints. But we've designed the
robot to be stronger than a
person so we'd imagine that in
the future we want to merge some
level of autonomous control along
with the human's intelligence.

---

### Improving robot dexterity
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiqC9emBk00

Idioma: en

Rolling a piece of chalk between
your fingers or, adjusting your
grip on a pen, requires dexterity
that comes naturally to humans,
but is incredibly difficult to
program in robots. Now engineers
at MIT have come up with a way
to improve the dexterity of
robots, using the environment.
In an approach they call
"extrinsic dexterity," a simple
robotic gripper exerts specific,
calibrated forces against
fixtures in the environment,
to adjust its grip on an object.
Here, a robot grips a rod lightly
while pushing against a tabletop.
The combination of the table's
surface, and the robot's grip,
rotates the rod between the
robot's fingers: a motion that
would be difficult to perform
only with the robot's grippers.
The robot can also pivot the rod
between its fingers, by pushing
against a book-end.
The researchers say that
extrinsic dexterity may enable
simple industrial robots to
perform more complex tasks,
particularly in manufacturing
and assembly line settings.

---

### Rocket into space with MIT professor and astronaut Jeff Hoffman
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvxqCAkjDxs

Idioma: en

System activated. T minus 10, 9,
8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, zero and
liftoff. . .You know I often get
asked how I got interested in
space is this something that
happened as a childhood dream?
Yeah, in a sense. You know when
I was growing up as a young
child, I'm old enough, that was
before Sputnik; before any humans
had been in space. I was in New
York City, my dad used to take me
to the planetarium all the time,
he was kind of interested in
astronomy and I don't know what
it was that clicked but there was
just something about space. It
represented the future. I mean,
the public media at those times
mostly of course newspapers,
magazines, televisions, they were
full of stories about the coming
space age, so it was just really
exciting.
Jeff was the first astronaut
to log more than 1000 hours
aboard the space shuttle. He made
five space shuttle missions
including the first mission to
repair the Hubble Space Telescope.
Here at MIT Jeff is a fabulous
educator. He's very active in
teaching both undergraduate
and graduate classes in the
Department of Aeronautics and
Astronautics. In fact Jeff teaches
16.00: our freshman introductory
aerospace class, which is what
16.00x was in part based on.
MIT started to join the revolution
in online education creating the
MITx program which feeds into
the material into the edX
platform and we decided that
this introductory course would
be a good thing to share with a
much wider audience throughout
the world. So 16.00 became 16.00x.
16.00x is unique in that its a
technical course but its also
available to the general public.
So we try to present complex
topics in a way that is very
accessible to everyone. Even
those without a technical
background. And I think thats what
really contributed to the appeal
and the popularity of this course
worldwide because there are so
many people who are very
interested in spaceflight but
thought it would take so much
engineering education for me
to even begin to understand what
thats all about. But we've
actually tried to make the course
as accessible as possible so that
students can still get the basic
ideas of what astronautics and
human spaceflight is all about
without having gone through an
engineering education.
It's not a trivial task putting
on an online course. It takes
a lot of personnel in making the
course in the first place. We
had people looking after the
video to actually do the video
filming. And of course before
that I had to write out scripts
that were much more, I think,
extensive and detailed then when
I'm talking in class because you
really have to tailor the lectures
to an online audience with which
you don't have direct give-and-take
contact. When I'm talking in class
I can look at the students and
I can look at their eyes. I can
see are they paying more attention
to reading their email on their
computers or are they paying
attention to me. That direct
face-to-face interaction you
don't get. I'm talking to a TV
camera right now and thats how I
have to give my lectures. And I'm
pretty used to talking to cameras
so I can do it. I can treat the
camera almost as a person, but
you don't get that direct feedback.
And so we have to structure the
course so that I give my lectures
and then we try and make problem
sets and in that way try to gauge
whether the online students are
actually getting the material.
And I'm delighted it seems to
have been very popular and we've
gotten a lot of really, really
nice feedback.
Do you have any feedback for the
course facilitators?
"Well I'd like to say that the
fact that the lectures were so
well explained and engaging may
be the reason I was so successful
in this course.
So it was a very interesting
class, I enjoyed it a lot and I'm
proud to have been associated
with it. Thank you.
You know, MIT is a distant dream.
But you guys help us make that
dream come true. So give us more
and more and more of the MIT
experience. Thank you.
One of the biggest strengths
about 16.00x is that we had an
enormous and very diverse student
population. We had over 12,000
students enrolled online and
they come from almost 150
different countries. And this led
to one of the challenges with the
course as well because students
coming from so many different
backgrounds we had to make sure
they were all on the same page.
And its really exciting to see so
many of these things coming
together: the people, the
technology, the ideas and the
passion for education,
culminating in something like
16.00x and really extending MIT's
reach to have global impact.
Its just the topic. I mean
spaceflight is something that
a lot of people are interested
in but they don't really know
much about it. And having the
opportunity to learn about it
for free, from an astronaut who
is also a professor at MIT, that
is just such an incredible and
unique opportunity that really
would only exist in the online
community.
I think it does indicate that
there are real changes going on
in education and we have yet to
figure out how online courses
are ultimately going to change
public education but we know
enough now to know that exciting
things are happening and it was
great being a part of this in
the early days of online learning
with 16.00x.
Don't lose sight of the big
picture. Remember that the reason
you became and aerospace engineer
was because you dreamed of flight.
Never, never forget your dreams.

---

### LiquiGlide: Nonstick coatings leave zero waste behind
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxyCLoYfexo

Idioma: en

Have you ever gotten to the end
of your toothpaste tube and have
to squeeze and roll up the end
to get that last bit of product
out? Yes. I'm actually fastidious
about it.
Yeah. I had to do that this
morning.
It's terrible and you loose money.
I'm going to invite you to take
these two products in your hand
play around with them.
Whoa, what is this?
So this one comes down really
easily and this one gets stuck.
This one sticks, this one doesn't.
This one falls to the bottom so
I don't have to lose anything.
That's what I'm thinking.
One of the major global problems
is waste of product. And a key
reason why that happens is
product can get stuck in
containers and there's no way to
get this out.
The only way to get it out is
either wash this out or you have
to scrape it out which in many
cases consumers are unwilling to
do as well as in industrial
applications its very hard to do.
So there's a huge cost associated
with waste and dispensing. So
what LiquiGlide™ enables is
complete dispensing of the
product. That means you are not
wasting product, which typically
is around 5-20%. And because you
have completely removed the
product recycling becomes easier
so we believe that LiquiGlide™
can completely eliminate waste
and also provide a sustainable
solution for both consumer
packaging and a whole range of
industrial products.
LiquiGlide™ is a patented
slippery coating that was invented
in my group at MIT. It's really
a concept where we can design
the surface in a way that it can
be slippery to a whole range of
liquids. So imagine this to be
your substrate and then we
texture the substrate. So either
texture the given material
itself, or we can apply a process
that allows us to create a
textured solid. And then we
change the the surface chemistry
which is indicated here by the
red line, and then we fill this
with a liquid. And so the liquid
essentially is sort of trapped
in these features and more
importantly it also spreads on
top of the features. And now
this system is engineered such
that a product is essentially
hovering on top of your solid.
So there is no contact between
the product and the surface so
the product slides off very
easily because its sort of
gliding on this liquid layer.
Because of the flexibility that
the LiquiGlide™ platform offers
us, we can choose the
solid/liquid combination for the
coating to be such that they
are essentially food. So for
food-based applications our
coating can be food which is
edible and safe. And sometimes
we can make the coating entirely
of the ingredients that are
present in the food itself.
We have developed a basic
science-based algorithm that
allows us to choose the solid
and liquid combinations in a way
that it can provide lubricity to
the product. So it is incredible
how we can cater the solid/liquid
combinations of the coating to a
given product. And so our vision
really is to basically eleminate
waste. There should be no reason
why we should waste product
given LiquiGlide™. And also,
friction reduction which is
ubiquitous in many industries.

---

### How air transportation connects the world
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2YnJVIoi6M

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Explained: Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j80jsWFm8Lc

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Robot Origami: Robot self-folds, walks, and completes tasks
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVYz7g-qLjs

Idioma: en

We have designed and built an
origami robot that gets up and
goes. In other words, the robot
forms itself, on the spot,
accomplishes tasks and then it
disappears by degradation.
The robot self-assembles using a
folding process that is triggered
by heating. After this the robot
can run along designated
trajectories, it can carry
objects, it can clear obstacles
and it can swim. It can execute
a variety of tasks and when
these tasks are done the robot
can recycle itself by dissolving
its body into a liquid.
This is the first robotic device
that completes a full life-cycle
from birth to its death.
Typical robots consists of
electronic devices. Our robot
is made based on controllable
materials; this is the biggest
difference. The robots body has
embedded in it a small magnet.
This allows us to control the
robot by programming a magnetic
field. In other words, the robot
has external, programmable
actuation. Currently the robot
is controlled remotely by a
person. We'd like to advance
this robot and make it more
intelligent. Such that it can
make decisions by itself.
Origami inspired robot designs
have the potential to be faster,
cheaper, and easier to fabricate
than robots created using
traditional manufacturing
processes.
It is easier for such a system
to be used closer to humans such
as in the human body. For example
you could regard this robot as a
controllable drug capsule or a
surgical tool which can be
removed after its used in the
body. You can imagine ingesting
these robots and then controlling
where they travel in the body.
Once they arrive at the correct
location they could form
themselves into active instruments
that can actually manipulate and
help through the healing
processes. For the short-term
we see these robots as
potentially extremely useful
in inspection tasks because they
are small and they can travel
through very intricate and small
narrow pipelines that are
difficult to inspect with today's
technology.

---

### Vanishing friction
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i93peRheUSc

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Thank you MIT: Members of The Class of 2015 say goodbye
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4y8OG57meE

Idioma: en

I'd love to take the chance to
thank MIT. These past four years
have been amazing. I've met some
great people, had some chances to
work on some really great work
and it really changed my life.
Thank you to all of my professors.
staff , members, coaches, mentors
classmates, fellow students I'm
really grateful for the amazing
learning community that exists
here at MIT. You know just for
culture, for the freedom for the
space really to do what I wanted
to do and whether that was getting
to work in southeast Asia or
taking my research to another
country. Or interviewing trauma
surgeons after the marathon
bombing. That was something
that I got to do because of the
way MIT is and the encouragement
MIT inherently gives all of us
and so I want to give a huge
thank you to everyone here.
Once I was here I was in a really
creative environment and a
really technically exciting and
technically challenging
environment. And so I feel like
for that I was able to really
explore what I was into and I
was able to really gain access
to a vastly different array of
opportunities that I wouldn't
have had at any other school.
So, thanks MIT! I think one of
the things that truly makes an
MIT experience is learning how
to fail and how to fail well and
intelligently. I think that's
not something we talk about
enough at MIT. I was working on
a project with some friends, a
medical device project, and there
were some wonderful things about
it but it ultimately didn't end
up going where we wanted it to
go. And I think that experience
but also then learning how to
extract what I really wanted from
that and to make myself a stronger
candidate for the future, really
taught me a lot at MIT and truly
made it an MIT experience for me.
A big moment for me as an MIT
student was showing off my
research during Media Lab Sponser
Week. So that's when the Media Lab
invites its sponsors to come
check out the things that we've
been working on. And I think for
me to participate and showcase
my own work was really cool
because I've never really done
something like that before and
I was never able to showcase my
work like that so for me, that
was really cool to see other
people interested in something
that I'd built and something that
I'd worked on for an entire year.
A really proud moment that I've
had at MIT was finishing my last
exam. Just signing everything and
turning my exam in. This is what
my four years has come to, I'm
done; I'm out! Some of my proudest
moments at MIT have been helping
others. For example as a teaching
assistant helping a student
understand a calculus concept
is really rewarding because I
know this will be something that
they carry with them throughout
their other courses at MIT.
Another instance as been the
projects I've worked on in
Nicaragua with a rural community
there to strengthen math and
science teaching. And finally,
my contributions to research
projects at the BEAR Lab here
at MIT and at the Pasteur
Institute in Paris where I am
helping to advance our under-
standing of autism and potential
treatment avenues. I think
probably my proudest moment at
MIT was when I found out I won
the Rhodes Scholarship. And
its not really because of the
prestige or because of the
accomplishment but because of
how it represented a culmination
of all my years at MIT. So many
people from my best friends to
faculty to the administrators in
the fellowships office had really
spent so many months trying to
help me reflect and learn about
myself and think about what all
these years meant to me and
how they made me who I am, in
the best way possible. And thats
really what that accomplishment
meant to me. My advice to
incoming and current students is
to pursue what you're really
passionate about. In the words of
an MIT Professor, "When you're
doing what you love it almost
doesn't feel like work."
An important thing I think that
people here at MIT should see is
that they're all amazing. We get
bogged down in the fact that
we're taking classes and we're
not at the highest part of the
curve or we're somewhere in the
median. Like, the fact that you're
even here and in the class itself
is really the thing that people
forget and I think that's
something I would suggest to
people who come here. Remember
that you're in the top percentage
of the world and you're not what
the standard deviation dictates
you are. Don't compare your track
through MIT with that of others.
There are so many different ways
to get through MIT because MIT
provides so many different
opportunities and neat ways
of getting your degree. So,
there's really no need to compare
what you're doing to other people.
And also because you're going to
have different interests as well.
Its really important to stretch
beyond your academics and join
random students groups. I have
sung all my life but I had never
done acapella. And my acapella
group here that I joined and
later led really became the most
amazing support group and family
away from family that I could
have ever expected and that
wouldn't have happened if I
hadn't taken that chance.
After graduation I'll be pursuing
my goal of becoming a physician
scientist. This fall I'll be
entering the MD/PhD program
at Stanford. Right after grad-
nation I'll be moving to New York
to work at BuzzFeed as a data
engineer, which basically entails
building the info structure for
the tools that help analyze the
site and what content is doing
well and things like that.
So after I graduate I'll be going
to the UK to study at Oxford
through the Rhodes Scholarship.
I'll be studying a duel masters
in global governance and diplomacy
and biomedical engineering.
After I graduate I'm actually off
to work on my own startup. So it
should be pretty fun between
here and and California it will
be really cool.
They say it takes a village
to raise a child and for me
my village has been my family.
Thank you to my parents my
grandparents my aunts my
uncles, cousins; my entire family
for your unwavering support.
Thanks to my mom and dad and my
little brother I couldn't have
gotten through college without
you guys and I hope that
graduation day is everything
that you guys want it to be and
I hope I've made you guys proud.
This is really it, we're done,
we made it! Yes! Finally!
Congratulations Class of 2015,
we did it. I'm done! It's awesome
I feel super great about it. I
can't believe I'm graduating
I really can't. Oh my god I don't
think I'm ready for the real
world! I cannot believe that I'm
graduating it feels like just
yesterday that I got here and
at the same time like I've been
here forever. So congratulations
Class of 2015, we did it!

---

### The Costume Shop at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIxAC7sJOUU

Idioma: en

When you first look at the
Costume Shop it doesn't look like
it belongs at MIT. But then you
realize there are so many
students on campus who are
interested in art, who want to
learn to draw, or have already
drawn all their lives and want to
explore it here they just don't
know how. The Costume Shop it is
a hidden gem. It is a place where
MIT students an explore what
they know already or what they
learn at MIT but in a humanistic
form. So the very first day of
class we go to this building
that I had no idea existed, and
I walk in and its just crazy
because there is art everywhere.
There's pastels and oil-paintings
and everything all over the
place; the walls are covered with
artwork. And its just all student
generated work.
I'm a designer and I'm trying
to teach them how to approach
figure drawing and costume design
as a designer, not so much as a
technician, I mean that from a
conceptual point of view. And
those guys are perfectionists,
you know, and its what makes
beautiful about them. So they're
going to keep going until they
get it and I'm very proud of them.
Sometimes I feel like if I'm not
doing something technical or
something homework related that
I'm wasting my time. Whereas
with this one (class) you realize
actually how important art is.
Its just a different part of your
mind that you're using and you're
not sitting in a chair coding or
doing math. You're standing up
and making grand gestures. And
then kind of looking at things
holistically, "This is going to
be the underside of it and then
I'm going to have a white. . ."
At the end of the semester I'm
very interested to show their
work. Not just for the MIT
community to see what they're
doing, it's also for themselves.
So there's two rooms. One of them
has all the figure drawing
exhibitions and the other has
costume design. And the dresses
that people created where amazing.
I mean, its definitely something
I would buy, these dresses were
gorgeous and they were made out
of paper.
When the exhibition started it
was crazy because I didn't think
that many people would come. I
had invited some friends and
they actually came because they're
really interested in something
like this.
Probably just because there
aren't a lot of things like this
on campus. And it was a great
feeling because its something that
I had put a lot of time into and
looking at people look at my
artwork and being like, "Wow.
This is so great!" It was just a
great feeling. It's really
wonderful to see where they
started and where they are right
now. I think they are very
competitive in a very good way.
And they have big ideas and they
try to translate them through
their drawings through their
painting, through objects which
is the costume they tell stories.
And I heard them telling me
stories. And it can't get more
human than this even if its at MIT.

---

### Observe@MIT: Observing the sky at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEWskDclsIc

Idioma: en

I started as an astronomer at MIT
when I was an undergraduate and
I really loved the opportunity
to observe. To get out under the
night sky and get behind a
telescope and just see what is
out there in the universe that I
could look at. And I figured
other people would like this
opportunity as well. When I came
back to MIT in 2009 I started
the Observe@MIT project so that
people could just come and
observe on campus.
There's a lot of light pollution
in Cambridge but having that
easy access I think is more
important than going to a dark
site, although we do have a dark
site and we sometimes have tours
of Wallace Observatory in
Westford, Massachusetts as well.
To me, the first time I looked
through a telescope it had such
a big affect on my life that I'm
so delighted that there's this
forum, or this setting, at MIT
where people can just come on in
and spend two minutes looking
through a telescope and seeing
this thing that in many cases
could have a very big impact on
their life. It's just a fantastic
experience to be up there away
from all the pressures and
demands of the MIT schedule and
I think just looking out at the
sky and the buildings around you
and the clouds moving around
and the change of the terrific
wind up on that roof compared to
ground level; oh that is
fascinating. And I notice in the
dark my students are kind of
wondering around getting to know
each other in a different way
than in class time and chatting
with Amanda's assistance or
Amanda. . . "The sun is overhead
and your shadows are very small,
so that is what is happening on
the moon too. Different times of
day on the moon. . ."
It's definitely a discussion,
it's a two-way kind of thing.
People come and I'll tell them
what is there to see in the sky
tonight. Most of the observing
sessions that we have for
Observe@MIT are at night, but
we sometimes hold sessions during
the day as well. ". . . Eyepiece
right now, so we're zooming in
on the sunspot. Can you see it?"
The first time you look at the
moon through a telescope or
look at the sun through a solar
telescope you see these levels
of detail that are just so
surprising and intricate and real
that I think what that means is
at these observing sessions you
get people who keep coming back
because they like that and
they're hooked on that experience
of seeing this really cool view
of our very nearby universe.
But then you also get people who
are just dragged along or wonder
on in because they're interested
in trying something new.
And in fact in one case a student
of mine brought his girlfriend
along to an observing session
and she got so interested she
joined the class even though
she wasn't a regular student.
I think a goal that we should
have is to get more people to
look through a telescope.
Getting a chance to look more
closely at these things that are
all around us brings this extra
complexity and beauty to the
world, or I guess to the universe
in this case, that is really
rewarding for everyone who gets
to take part in it. In some ways
you find your place in the
universe by seeing what goes on
around you and we like to share
that with the MIT community.
I've had people who come back
almost every observing session
and look through the telescope
every single time. And its just
wonderful to catch up with people
who I've seen before and talk
about what their doing in their
lives today and also talk about
what is going on in the sky
above them on this particular day.

---

### How bombardier beetles bomb
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgqF-ND2XcY

Idioma: en

When you typically think of
beetles you don't think of things
that can hurt you, or that are
particularly interesting. They
just crawl around and you might
step on them occasionally, but
there are certain types of
beetles that have a really famous
defense mechanism that actually
can hurt you. They are called
bombardier beetles and they
defend themselves by detonating
explosions inside of their bodies
and spraying out hot, nasty
chemicals; so hot it is the
temperature of boiling water.
And so I study these beetles to
understand a) how they have these
explosions happen inside their
bodies, and b) are there things
we can learn from that.
Previously people have looked at
this by taking images of the
outside of the beetle using
high-speed photography to watch
the pulses fly through the air.
Whereas we are looking at the
inside of the beetle using
cutting-edge synchrotron
radiation to visualize the spray
being formed inside the beetle.
So that allows us to see how
these pulses, instead of coming
out as a continuous stream, comes
out as a series of pulses.
And what we find is a part of
the explosion chamber actually
deforms during the explosion
and when it does so it cuts off
the flow of reactants into the
explosion chamber. And so, that
causing the explosion to
temporarily start, or stop.
Bombardier beetles are one of
the most famous examples of
chemical defense in nature and
people have been trying to
understand how they produce these
hot sprays for a very long time,
and they've been trying to
understand how these beetles
have evolved. And our work really
shows that something as
complicated as a pulse jet spray
can emerge from very simple
modifications. You know, these
softening of a particular part of
the reaction chamber can produce
a huge change in the type of
spray. If you look at these
beetles relatives it comes out
as a gentle mist whereas in this
case it comes out as a pulsed jet.

---

### Magnifying motion
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYp298fhlzk

Idioma: en

[Music]
you
[Music]
B
[Music]

---

### NailO: A thumbnail-mounted wireless trackpad
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaGSe5DtxYw

Idioma: en

So as current wearable technologies
get smaller and thinner and closer
to the human body there is this
greater need and desire to be
able to personalize the appearance
of these devices, to make them
more appealing to wear. NailO is
a miniaturized track pad,
comparable to the size of a
commercial nail-art sticker.
Basically the device that we made
is a miniaturized track pad. It
integrates electronics such as
the processor, the bluetooth
radio and the battery into a small
fingernail-sized package. And
this device can send data
wirelessly to your phone and it
doesn't need to be plugged in or
connected to anything.
Because of its small size it is
very subtle and discrete.
So let's say today I want to
very subtly change the color of
accessory that I am wearing when
I enter or exit a certain social
scenario, I can very easily do
that with my fingernail. And also
because its on your fingertip
this is a very natural and
unobtrusive location, we have a
lot of gestures using our fingers
so let's say today my hands are
full, perhaps you're busy cooking
with both of your hands but you
want to scroll through a recipe
then you can use NailO as a
third hand to help you do so.
Our immediate goals are to
further miniaturize the device;
we want to fit all of the
electronics in one chip which
would allow it to be thinner,
smaller and reduce the power
consumption. It not only has a
functional purpose but we also
engineered it so that the wearer
can very easily alter the
appearance of the device based
on their personal taste and
selection of nail-art designs by
attaching on top of the device.
And so we really think this
opens it up for it to not only
be something that is functional
but it becomes like a canvas for
self-expression. You can express
your personal taste, your personal
sense of fashion, your personal
preferences for what to wear
through this wearable technology.

---

### Detecting rare cancer cells with sound waves
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSRjSFyBW4c

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Parkinson's diagnosis by typing on a keyboard
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pthM_gR6VbQ

Idioma: en

Today almost anybody has an
electronic device that they
interact with multiple times
a day. So you could be typing
or you could be touching a
screen, and we believe that
there's hidden information there
that can start to shed light upon
the psychomotor effects of
diseases like Parkinson's disease
and other conditions.
We found a way to detect motor-
impairment by how the people
interact with their devices, not
with an app, but the way you type
on a keyboard on a daily basis.
There's subtleties in the way
that we type: the way that our
fingers interact with keyboards.
When your finger moves down
towards the key and senses that
your finger impacts the key and
that the key is depressed, your
brain understands this and then
sends back a signal to release
the finger. When psychomotor
performance is impeded that
time can fluctuate. And those
are the types of things that
we're looking into; those subtle
effects and how typing happens.
So we thought, "What is the
easiest way to test it. What is
the low-hanging fruit?" Well,
fatigue. Fatigue is influenced
by motor-impairment so we decided
to run a test. We asked people
to type during the day and then
we woke them up during the night.
They were just asked to type a
text, regardless of what the text
was, and we measured the timing
of keys. Some people were typing
really fast, some people were
typing really slow but this is
actually not what we are looking
at, but rather the actual
interaction with a single key.
We found that there is a very
strong difference between people
when they are fully awake and
when they are under the effects
of sleep inertia or fatigue. And
these effects can be quite
striking once we put them through
pattern-recognition and machine-
learning algorithms that we're
developing. And that allows us
to detect quite subtle changes
in a very obvious and reliable
way. Research indicates that the
current diagnosis of Parkinson's
disease actually happens about
five to ten years after the
disease onset. And the belief is
that if we can start to do early
detection of Parkinson's then we
can do things like improve
treatment development. And the
benefits of our technique are
that we can detect this
throughout a persons life without
interacting with or interfering
with their daily activities.

---

### Mega Menger: Building a Menger Sponge at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpmP8OJJ7W4

Idioma: en

If you take a cube and you cut
it up into 27 smaller cubes
and then after that you take out
every cube on the face of the
original cube and then the cube
in the middle of the original
cube you end up with 20 cubes
left that kind of form a "frame"
of the original cube; that's a
level 1 Menger Sponge. To make
a level 2 Menger Sponge you
repeat the process on every one
of the 20 constituent cubes that
you made from cutting up your
original cube. So if you keep
going you eventually make a
three-dimensional fractal curve
that has zero volume and
infinite surface area. So that's
a Menger Sponge.
Are Menger Sponge was part of a
larger project called MegaMenger
sponsored by the Queen Mary
University of London and the
idea was that 20 sites around
the world would each build a
level 3 Menger Sponge so that
in theory we would have together
built a level 4 Menger Sponge.
And that's the largest Menger
Sponge thats ever been built
out of business cards.
So when we decided that we
wanted to build this sculpture
we thought that this was a great
way to not just do it within
our club, but also get the entire
MIT community involved.
We held club meetings, we held
study breaks and we got a ton of
people, from freshman to seniors
to graduate students to faculty
and staff, coming and folding
this thing with us.
The cool thing is, the Menger
Sponge actually has an
unexpected connection to MIT.
One of the first, if not the
first people to build this
structure out of business cards
was Dr. Jeannine Mosely who did
her PhD at MIT and she's
currently this tremendously
successful and prolific origami
artist.
It was almost 20 years ago that
I learned how to make the
business card cube from some
verbal instructions. Initially
I wasn't particularly excited
about the cube because its not
that interesting of a shape. But
after a while, my son who was
seven, I taught him how to make
the cubes and he was playing
with them and I had two cubes
that were seated side by side on
a table and I was just looking
at his cubes and I said, "Oh my
God, look at the flaps! You can
tuck them under each other,
like this, and if you do you'll
end up with two linked cubes."
They are very firmly attached to
one another and you can just add
more and more cubes and build
any structure that you can think
of. Around this same time, the
company that I was working for
changed its name. And all my co-
workers knew that I had been
doing origami with business cards
came by and gave me their old
business cards. So I had a very
large collection of business
cards to work with. And someone
was teasing me, "What are you
going to build with all those
cards?" And I said, "Oh, I don't
know. Maybe I'll build a level 3
approximation to a Menger Sponge.
I only need 48,000 cards to do that."
It took me ten years and I
finished it in 2005. And since
then a lot of people who've read
about it have said, "Hey, I want
to build one too!"
But what we didn't realize was
how much work building a level 3
Menger Sponge would be. Once we
started folding we were like,
"Ooo, this is going to be super
time-consuming and we clearly
bit off more than we can chew."
So instead of building a full
level 3 Menger Sponge we just
built one of the rings that forms
one of the faces. Which would be
eight level 2's and this would be
only 25,000 business cards.
We also heard recently from the
worldwide MegaMenger Project
that including us, when you
combine everyones builds together
built a level 4. And that's
absolutely insane in terms of the
number of business cards, the
number of man hours. And I think
to be a part of that, we're
super excited.
Why the Menger Sponge? I don't
know, there is just something
about it that. . . everybody
just seems captivated by it. And
it's important, I guess, when
you set out to build something
this big and you want to get
hundreds of people to help the
end goal needs to be something
that inspires them and makes them
persevere and keep going until
its done.

---

### Marine shells may help develop responsive, transparent displays
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_BEn17yi2vU

Idioma: en

This is the blue-rayed limpet.
It is a tiny mollusk that lives
in kelp beds along the coasts of
Norway, Iceland, the United
Kingdom, Portugal and the
Canary Islands. These organisms
may be small, their size is
comparable to that of a human
fingernail, but they have a
unique and noticeable feature:
bright-blue dotted lines that
run in parallel along the length
of their translucent shells.
Now, scientists at MIT and
Harvard University have identified
the two optical structures within
the limpets shell that give its
blue-striped appearance. First,
the researchers scanned the
surface of the limpet shell and
found no structural differences
in areas with and without the
stripes; an observation that led
them to think that perhaps the
stripes arose from features
embedded deeper in the shell.
To get a picture of what lay
beneath the researchers used
a combination of high-resolution
2-D and 3-D structural analysis
to reveal the 3-D nano-
architecture of the photonics
structures embedded in the
limpet's translucent shells.
In the regions with blue stripes
the shells top and bottom layers
were relatively uniform, similar
to the shell structure of other
mollusks. However, about
30 microns beneath the shell
surface the researchers noted a
stark difference. In these
regions the regular platelets of
calcium carbonate morphed into
two distinct structural features:
a multilayered structure with
regular spacing between calcium
carbonate layers, resembling a
zigzag pattern, and beneath this
a layer of randomly dispersed
spherical particles. Through a
series of measurements and tests
the researchers found that the
zigzag pattern acts as a filter
reflecting only blue light.
As the rest of the incoming
light passes through the shell
the underlying particles absorb
this light, an effect that makes
the shell's stripes appear even
more brilliantly blue.
The researchers say such natural
optical structures may serve as
a design guide for engineering
color-selective, controllable,
transparent displays that require
no internal light source and
could even be incorporated
into windows and glasses.

---

### A simple way to make and reconfigure complex emulsions
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QyZsH-zvEOY

Idioma: en

We're interested in understanding
how different types of liquids
that don't normally like each
other can be made to play nice
with each other. These mixtures
are known as emulsions.
An emulsions is a mixture of two
amicable fluids, like, oil and
water. So a simple emulsion of
oil and water might be droplets
of oil dispersed in water or
droplets of water dispersed in
oil, like your salad dressing,
would be an emulsion that people
might come into contact with
day-to-day. What we've tried to
do is go one step further and
get three different liquids or
four different liquids to mix
together. These are known as
complex emulsions. For instance
a double emulsion is one liquid
inside another liquid, inside a
third liquid. And we're focusing
on figuring out ways to actually
reconfigure these droplets.
So for instance in a double
emulsion you might be able to
turn it inside-out so that the
inner liquid is now the outer
liquid, or the reverse.
One way that we've discovered
to make these complex emulsions
very easily is simply by
exploiting temperature. One
simple mixture that we've been
working with recently consists
of water, hydrocarbons, which
are oils, and fluorocarbons,
which are oils where the
hydrogen has been replaced by
fluorine. Now normally
hydrocarbons, water and
fluorocarbons do not like each
other. But if you heat them up
you'll notice that hydrocarbons
and fluorocarbons can mix. We've
used this mixing ability to make
droplets consisting of
hydrocarbon and fluorocarbons
mixed together suspended in
water. Later, when we reduce
the temperature the hydrocarbons
and the fluorocarbons un-mix
and we end up with a complex
emulsion that consists of
droplets of fluorocarbons inside
hydrocarbons inside water. Or
droplets of hydrocarbons inside
fluorocarbons inside water.
This is just the first step of
our research. The second step
was to figure out how to change
the shape of these droplets; how
do I go from hydrocarbon inside
fluorocarbon inside water to
fluorocarbon inside hydrocarbon
inside water? The way we do this
is by using special types of
soap. We use the common soaps
that you've used which are
hydrocarbon-based soaps along
with fluorocarbon-based soaps.
Depending on how much
hydrocarbon-based soap or
fluorocarbon-based soap you use
you can adjust the shape of these
emulsions. And you can make the
hydrocarbon phase go from inside
the droplet to outside the
droplet or vice versa.
These emulsion droplets are
basically like little packages.
You can open and close these
packages depending on the type
of soap you use. One very
interesting example, recently,
has been to use a particular
type of soap that reacts to
light. When we turn on a light
we can make the soaps usefulness
change and therefore we can open
or close the box just using light.
Emulsions are very important
components of a lot of new
technology and materials.
For instance emulsions are very
common in medicine; in cosmetics,
and in food. And so development
of new emulsions in new ways of,
in our case of reconfiguring the
emulsions, and therefore changing
its properties could have a lot
of really important and impactful
applications in technology today.

---

### In the Snow: MIT Winter 2015
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvITE6AZGbE

Idioma: en

In my time at MIT I've seen the
amount of snow in inches that
we've got so far this year, but
never so close together and I
don't think I've ever seen this
much accumulated on campus at
one time. This is more.
The snowbanks are much higher
than I've ever seen.
As you know in late January we
had a storm that dropped
26 inches on the campus and that
was the first time that I can
really remember that we didn't
have the campus really ready for
people to be here. I would say
99 percent of the time the
campus itself is always passable
and "parkable" to make up
a word; we work very hard to
get that done, but we were
having trouble keeping up with
the amount of snow that was
coming down and the speed at
which it was falling.
We've had 19 snow events.
The first one taking place on
January 3 which dropped
1.4 inches on the campus. Since
then we have had 18 events with
a total of 96.2 inches of snow.
We have used 8217 hours of labor.
We have a total of 24 pieces of
snow-removal equipment that we
use on each storm. That includes
nine skid loaders, 2 Kubota
utility vehicles, two bombardiers,
four loader backhoes and seven
plow trucks. We have 22 people
who are permanent employees of
Grounds Services. That is
certainly not enough people to
shovel and/or plow the snow.
Since ten of our people are
actually running plowing equipment
that leaves us with twelve
people to shovel and that would
certainly not be enough to handle
this entire campus. So we have
what we call "supplemental staff"
who are Facilities employees with
Custodial Services, Repair and
Maintenance from the Housing
Department. We've been hauling
snow off campus almost nightly
for the last two-and-a-half to
three weeks. We had what we call
a "snow farm" over on Albany
Street and we filled that up.
In fact we had a excavator over
in there that piled the snow as
high as possible and I believe
the mound is probably about
60 feet right now. We have
another area to pile the snow.
It's kind of a small area so the
contractor that hauls off campus
uses dump trailers and its very
hard for them to get to that
area so they are hauling snow
off campus.
We have a lot of tired people.
But their morale is great.
I think if they heard today that
we were going to get ten inches
of snow tomorrow they'd all be
ready to go out there and take
on the challenge. I really love
snow removal. I love the job and
I think the reason I love it is
because you can actually see
what you've accomplished and you
feel so much like you've provided
a great service to the campus.
And I couldn't do that without
the fantastic staff that we have
here on Grounds and those that
volunteer from Repair and
Maintenance, the Housing
Department and Custodial Services.
They've all just been fantastic,
they've worked a lot of hours and
I just can't say enough about them.

---

### Raindrops splash down on leaves, spread pathogens among plants
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9l--FdUEBRA

Idioma: en

So we know that diseases affect
plants like they affect humans
but we actually don't understand
how diseases in plants get
transmitted from one plant to
the other. There was evidence
that rainfalls are correlated
with outbreaks in the field meaning
we see outbreaks spreading faster
or appearing in fields after
rainfalls and we don't understand why.
So in the past what people have
been doing is trying to correlate
rainfalls with outbreaks and
using a type of very large-scale
mathematical models to describe
spreading on fields but nobody
really looked closely at what
happens at the leaf level.
In the past what has been thought
is that a raindrop hits a plant
and you have some kind of splash
dynamic. So "splash" can be broadly
defined as just water falling
and you have, basically, droplets
being emitted from that surface
area. But actually what we saw
was that when a raindrop hits a
leaf the outcome of the creation
these droplets that can emitted
is very much dependent on the
type of leaf you're looking at.
Obviously one can think of the
surface properties as being
important for the dynamics, but
also the compliance and the mass
of the leaf; so the inertia of
the leaf actually changes completely
the outcome in terms of the droplet
sizes you will be emitting, their
distribution in size but also
their range, how far they can go.
And that determines then how
the next plant can be infected.
So it's important to understand
the ratios of these different
mechanisms because the size
distribution and the speed at
which these drops are generated
is going to lead to a different
pattern of contamination of
the neighboring leaf. If you
have a relatively large drop
being emitted and falling on
a neighboring leaf it is
depositing locally on that surface
area much more pathogens than
what a small, tiny drop would do.
The other difference is if you
have a generation mechanism
that produces much smaller
droplets they're more likely to
evaporate quickly and then be
evicted to another field through
winds. But also when they deposit
could contain less pathogens so
it would need to do a bit more
work in order to infect the next
leaf. So the competition between
the size, how much pathogens you
have in there and how far these
things can go and how quickly
they can evaporate is all what
is going to govern the spreading
from one plant to the next.
So the first outcome of this is
actually being able to predict
in some sense, how if you have
certain crops that have certain
mechanical properties you will
expect to have a certain speed
and pattern of outbreak in the
field if a pathogen is introduced
and if you know the rainfall process.
So this could be tremendous help
to better optimize, for example,
the growth of various crops. So
polyculture which is a very, very
old concept, and in nature you see
that all the time, crops are
being alternated all the time.
But this is giving us insight in
how to do this in a smart way
to optimize output in agriculture
but also minimize the outbreaks.

---

### Forces Frozen: Structures made from frozen fabrics
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8c8SEemAXO0

Idioma: en

Forces Frozen is an IAP workshop
focusing on structural ice shells.
What that means is that its focusing
on thin, shell structures that get
their strength not from the material
that they're using, or the thick-
ness of material, but from the
form they're using just like an
egg shell. And they're made out
of ice and fabric.
The shells that we're designing
are inspired by a 20th century
Swiss structural designer named
Heinz Isler. He started just by
spraying plants in his backyard
with water and watching them
freeze and he was really inspired
by nature and the forms that come
out naturally through the forces
of gravity. Eventually he graduated
to using fabric and creating a
range of different structural
forms, from tents to arches, for
fun, in his back yard over a
period of about 50 years. All
made by the power of water free-
zing, finding a form thanks to
gravity and then using that form
to span structurally.
We had students with quite
different backgrounds so we had
students with an engineering
background and other students with
no engineering background at all.
Because of that we had very
different projects and very
different models.
"You're going to have
wrinkles and the way to avoid
are either to make cuts in the
fabric or. . ." Mostly the
students explored real funicular
shapes and ice shells that are
known in history for being very
efficient. Other students explored
more free-form shapes but those
shapes still stood by themselves
so it was very nice to see that
the frozen fabric is very strong
even for non-funicular shells.
"You can see its a very stiff
shelter. . ." I think this is a
really fun opportunity to combine
physics and mechanics, really
science with creating something
that's almost artistic. Even
students who are not in architecture
or structural engineering, really
appreciate the idea to explore
a wide variety of disciplines
and to really apply it using
their hands. Of course at MIT
we're all about Mens et Manus
and this workshop is exactly
about that.
The students here have a very
creative mind and they want to
explore projects by doing it
themselves and they can do it.
They have the abilities to do it
and I think thats why we have
many, many students who want to
come and build such crazy shells
in the snowy weather with us.
Everyone enjoys creating things
that they can see, so designing
and seeing something realized
is an unbelievable experience
and I think MIT students are
uniquely skilled at achieving
this in a way that's new.

---

### Predicting behavior of sickle cells
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrD6xZ5lzYM

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Multifunctional fibers communicate with the brain
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MD2B4HzIvo

Idioma: en

People have been studying neurons
for quite a bit of time actually
and two main features that are
really important: one, is that
device should be small so that
it doesn't cause very much damage.
And the other one is that it should
be bio-compatible so it doesn't
damage tissues. We're working
to use polymers which is a unique
approach and we're making polymer
fibers that are really flexible
so when they are put in the brain
they don't cause a lot of scarring.
So the fabrication method that
we use, makes use of a process
that is commonly used in the
telecommunication industry which
is the thermal drawing process.
In this process we start with a
large template of what we want
the geometry of our neuro-probe,
and then by heating it and applying
controlled stress we can reduce
its dimensions up to 200x.
So this allows us to design a
geometry in a scale that is easy
for us to fabricate and then
reduce its dimensions to a useful
scale.
So after we thermally draw the
fiber it looks like this and it's
super flexible but its still a
little too thick to be implanted
so we're going to selectively
etch the outer layer so we can
make it smaller and be implanted.
We started off with a diameter
similar to this one, which is
about the diameter of fishing
wire, and then this piece here
shows the transition from that
thicker, fishing wire, to the
diameter closer to the human hair.
And then it's this thinner piece
that we're going to start using
to connect to a board and prepare
for implementation.
So one of the advantages of this
fabrication method is that we can
incorporate many different
materials in the same process.
And by combining different
materials we can achieve different
functionalities in our devices.
So we can achieve not only re-
cording electrodes but also have
ways in which we can guide light
into the brain or also inject drugs.
In this work we show for the
first time that we can modulate
the activity in the brain via the
injection of drugs while we are
stimulating neurons in the brain
using light, with a method called
optogenetics. And through all
this process in which we are
stimulating and modulating the
response of the neurons we are
recording this activity in the
neurons. We hope that these
devices we have developed can be
useful for other people to do
further experiments in the brain
so people who are more interested
in discovering how the brain works
we hope that these tools will be
helpful for them in discovering
these relationships in the brain.

---

### Rainfall can release aerosols, high-speed video shows
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Waqmq_GTyjA

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Club Chem(istry) at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCmNu9vNcyI

Idioma: en

Club Chem is MIT's Undergraduate
Chemistry Association. We have a
three-pronged mission statement.
First, we aim to bring MIT under-
graduates together with other MIT
undergraduates interested in
chemistry. Our second is that we
want to bring together those people
who are interested in chemistry
with faculty in the chemistry
department. This we do through
faculty dinners. These are catered
events and they are very relaxed
typically, where the professor
will talk about his research, talk
about his trajectory to getting
to where he is now; give advice,
"And that way when I give the
lecture I don't have to look at
my notes that much because I
mostly remember. . . " And it's
a chance for majors and non-
majors to get to know the professor
outside of the classroom and also
to get a feel for how chemistry
is done at MIT.
The third mission statement
we have is to bring together
undergraduates at MIT interested
in chemistry with K-12 students
in the greater-Boston area. We do
this through what we call "Magic
Shows" which are really just
chemistry demonstrations aimed
at kind of evoking an interest
in chemistry.
So one of the great things about
Club Chem is that you don't have
to be a chemist to join. I'm
actually a mechanical engineer
and I decided to join because
I'm really excited about chemistry
and I really liked the idea of
using chemistry for a magic show.
It's really cool to get the opp-
ortunity to get someone else
excited about chemistry because
its something that I really like
and so when you go to schools and
you see the kids that really get
into the science and the how-it-
works, you get really excited too!
And that's really what we're
trying to do with Club Chem;
to reach out to whoever we can
and get them excited about chemistry.
Being the faculty advisor for
Club Chem I really enjoy inter-
acting with Course 5 majors and
understanding what their
interests are, and being able to
be a resource for them to really,
allow them and help them advance
their career. You know, do they
have questions about graduate
school applications or getting
into medical school. Or how they
can use what their learning right
now to really bring about change
in their life. In addition I
really think its important to
share the excited that we have
about science with the community.
And this is my primary motivation
for being a part of Club Chem.
Thinking back to my own path and
how I developed my interest for
chemistry, I realized it was a
summation of many small exper-
iences and often one-on-one
experiences with people or science
that inspired me to take this
path. So it's very rewarded for
me personally to see that kind
of moment of inspiration in one
of the kids at our magic shows
where they look at it and they
ask you something about it and
typically its a very poignant
question and an interesting
question. And to see that develop
is truly an honor and inspiring.
It underscores the importance of
education in science.
After being here so much you want
to do something for the people
around you, you know, for the
community. You're taking the
chemistry out of MIT and that's
probably one of the main reasons
why people want to get involved
with Club Chem, is the outreach
part of it. It feels good to have
a positive impact in someone else.

---

### Detecting gases wirelessly with a smartphone
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_-Gxtiqf7E

Idioma: en

What if you could determine if
the fruit is ripe, if there is a
hazard in the air or even diagnose
disease with a smartphone.
Our research is focused on making
this possible.
The wireless chemical sensor
that we create has an embedded
nano-material that is capable of
interacting with a chemical.
And that interaction leads to
a change in the wireless
communication between the sensor
and the phone.
To do this we're combining
near-field communication technology
already embedded in modern
smartphones with wireless
chemical sensors.
First we modify the RF ID
tag by cutting the electrical
circuit. We then recomplete the
circuit using our pencil to draw
a wire but this pencil is far
from ordinary. The graphite has
been replaced with a carbon-
nanotube based material that we
have programed for detection of
a specific chemical. Because of
the electrical behavior of the
pencil material the current over
this wire changes in the presence
of the chemical we want to detect.
When we read the sensor with
our smartphone it signals whether
the chemical is present, or not.
A unique feature of this
technology is that it makes it
possible to gather chemical
information in a non line-of-sight
type of fashion such as through
a box or through walls. So that
the user does not have to come
in contact with a chemical.
Ultimately we are excited this
technology enabling the consumer
to collect information, on their
own, about their local
chemical environment.

---

### Splash! at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHI0mFnaPdQ

Idioma: en

Splash! is this awesome weekend
program that we run for high schoolers
in the Boston area. Basically
500 of us MIT students take our
weekend off and teach 3,000
high schoolers everything that
we know.
And every year we have hundreds
of these classes. We book the
entire campus for a weekend
basically. We have three or four
lecture halls, six or seven computer
labs and a whole bunch of classrooms.
And all the students just take over
campus its really, really crazy and
MIT students just ask us all the
time, "Why are there high school
students everywhere?" and we tell
them, because they're here to learn.
Splash! typically offers several
hundred classes approximately
with several hundred teachers
teaching those classes. And the
reason for this is essentially
that we let teachers teach whatever
they want. We have teachers
teaching classes in humanities,
social sciences; about science,
biology, physics, whatever they
want to teach. And its really cool
because to get to see giant class
catalogue with a whole bunch of
different classes going all the
way down the page and each one is
a reflection of something that
the teacher likes and the teacher
wants to showcase to students, to
have students learn more about.
So I like teaching as a whole but
I think what really motivates me
to wake up at 8AM and go teach
classes during Splash! is sharing
that brain-explodes moment with
people. Everyone's had that moment
in at least one of your classes,
or I hope everyone's had that
moment where the teacher presents
something or you suddenly see
something and it's really just
like your brain explodes, like,
"Wow, that is so awesome, that's
so cool. I see how all the pieces
fit together. I'm happy that I've
learned this because something
awesome has happened to me today.
And some part of me wants to
share that with people, however
sappy that sounds.
I think one of the defining
features of Splash! is the fact
that it's open to anyone who signs
up online. MIT is not this closed
or walled-off garden that only
the select few can go to, it's
really this wonderful, open
community of learning and education,
and Splash! really tries to make
that happen.
I just want to mention how cool
that is. You just found the detail
of the image. If anyone asks you
what is in focus in this image,
you just take the image and then
you blur it and then you subtract
them and then you have the answer
computationally.
I think MIT is unique in that it's
a place where people are not only
driven to pursue their passions
to the upmost of their ability
but they're also driven to share
the ideas they learn with others
and I think Splash! is really an
embodiment of this spirit.
If I were to describe Splash! in
one word it would be: festival.
Chaotic.
Curiosity, in that, people are
free to pursue whatever they're
curious about.

---

### Complex 3-D DNA structures
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1Rn5gf-8ZE

Idioma: en

Deoxyribonucleic acid more
commonly known as DNA is a
molecule that encodes the genetic
instructions used in the develop-
ment and functioning of all known
living organisms and many viruses.
Most DNA molecules consist of two
biopolymer strands coiled around
each other to form a double helix.
Because DNA is so stable and can
easily be programmed by changing
its sequence, scientists see it as
a desirable building material
for nanoscale structures.
In the past, using a strategy
called DNA Origami scientists
were able to construct two-
dimensional structures from DNA
and later three-dimensional
structures. But now MIT biological
engineers have created a new
computer model that allows them
to design the most complex three-
dimensional DNA shapes ever
produced. The new approach relies
on virtually cutting apart
sequences of DNA into components
called multi-way junctions which
are the fundamental building
blocks of DNA structures.
These junctions which form
naturally during DNA replication
consist of two parallel DNA helices
in which the strands unwind and
cross-over the binding strand to
a strand of the adjacent DNA helix.
After virtually cutting the DNA
into smaller sections the new
computer program resembles them
into larger structures, such as
rings, discs and other shapes.
By changing the sequences of
these DNA components, designers
can also easily create arbitrarily
complex architectures including
symmetric cages such as tetrahedrons,
octahedrons and dodecahedrons.
This new design program could
allow researchers to build DNA
scaffolds to anchor arrays of
proteins that mimic the
photosynthetic proteins found in
plant cells or create new delivery
vehicles for drugs or RNA therapies.
The researchers also hope to
create a version of the model
that allows the designer to
specify a shape and obtain the
sequence that will produce the
shape. This would enable true
nanometer-scale 3-D printing,
where the "ink" is synthetic DNA.

---

### Reading robots' minds
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utM9zOYXgUY

Idioma: en

Our lab is interested in rapid prototyping
and testing of autonomous vehicles which
are vehicles that can complete a certain
set of tasks without human intervention.
So, as researchers we're very interested
in seeing how our algorithms work in the
real world where sensory measurements are
often imperfect or even distorted.
In these scenarios vehicles often make an
estimate or a belief of their best
perception of what the environmental model
looks like and makes a decision based on
that. But this magnifies when you have a
very complex system of agents interacting
together and it's very hard to understand
why the algorithm behaves a certain way.
What we'd really like to be able to do is
to be able to read the minds of our
autonomous agents and get some idea of how
their decision-making processes work.
Additionally we'd like to be able to test
our algorithms on a variety of
environments so we can robustify them.
So this new system which we refer to it as
"measurable virtual reality" basically
combines a projection system a motion
capture system. We use the projection
system to project a simulated environment
and we call it measurable virtual reality
because we measure this projected scene
using actual sensors that are mounted on
autonomous robots, say ground robots or
aerial robots. And at the same time we
have this motion capture system which
tells us where this physical system, the
robot we are working with, located in the
3-D environment and combining the
information we are getting from the motion
capture system and the projection system
we basically enable fast prototyping of
cyber-physical systems or in other words
the faster design of these learning,
perception and planning algorithms for
autonomous systems.
This work can be applied in multi-agent
scenarios where a single agent can have
control of other agents in its team. For
example you can think of a scenario where
an agent can communicate with nearby
agents but only within a certain radius of
communication. As this leader agent moves
around in its environment it can link to
other agents and give them tasks to do in
real time. This was work that was
previously very hard to convey to
spectators from outside our lab because it
was difficult to ascertain when that
communication link occurred. But now using
our system we can in real-time see when
that link-up occurs.
One of the limitations these days in
designing autonomous systems are the
regulations out there in society. We
cannot easily run autonomous cars or
flying robots outdoors due to the
regulations so this system allows us to
bring the outdoors in basically and have
simulations of the world and then using
the sensors actually measure this
projected scene as if the robot is flying
or driving outside in the real world
environment. So our system allows to
transform any indoor lab environment into
a complete virtual reality simulation
which is perceivable by any type of
autonomous agents. So we're hoping that
this system can become a future indoor
environment in which private institutions
can test and research their vehicles
before deploying them into the real world.

---

### MIT Admissions Blogs
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ds6RneLR-HI

Idioma: en

The MIT admissions blogs are the
centerpiece of our website where we allow
MIT students to write about their lives
and tell their own stories. We don't
exercise any prior restraint, we don't
give them any talking points, we don't
censor the blogs; its just an opportunity
for them to write about what their doing.
Write about the classes they're taking,
write about their clubs and extra-
curricular activities, write about their
research; write about anything that is
interesting to them.
MIT was my dream school as it was for most
of us who are here. It was that reach
school that many, many people told me
wasn't really an option but I still had
those dreams and that dream of going to
this great school that is MIT. I visited
my sophomore year with my friend from
high school and we looked around MIT and
my tour guide had bright green hair and I
knew that this was the place I needed to
be, and that's when I started reading the
MIT Admissions Blogs. I was one of those
pre-frosh who would refresh the page just
to see and check it everyday to see what
the new blogs where and I was so excited
to see them happen.
I remember when I first read the blogs
it was such a radically different thing
from what every other college was doing.
I think a lot of universities sort of take
the highlight-reel approach to promoting
their school and for me, what I was
interested in was seeing not the high-
lights, but also the behind the scenes,
and at the time it was a pretty radical
thing to put unfiltered student blogs on
the front page of your admissions site.
And it is risky because it is uncensored
and they can't control what we write and
I think that is part of the beauty of the
blogs in that its not some PR agent
writing what they think MIT is, it's
actual MIT students telling you what our
lives are like.
And one of the things that I think is
really special about this place and one of
the things that I think the blogs
communicate is MIT is a place that gives
its students a lot of trust and a lot of
freedom and that is one of the things that
really makes it special.
I had sort of a good sense in my head of
the frequently asked questions, you know,
the things people always assume are true
about MIT that are actually not true.
We actually had someone ask last week,
"Are people at MIT interested in only
science and engineering or are there also
people interested in other things?"
And the answer to that is: yes. Both of
those things are true. People are very
interested in science and engineering
almost everyone is but almost everyone
also has something else that they do and
I got to talk about these other aspects of
my life that weren't just, "I woke up.
I had 27 Psets. I went to class it was
hard." And so I think it really provides
this insight and allows applicants to see
what their lives would look like if they
came. Or at least when I was a pre-frosh
I would think of MIT as big, scary place
that would be a fantastic culture and
place to be a part of but it was so far
out of reach. But then you read these
stories of people who go there and who are
normal and maybe obsessed with cats like
me; just have these normal lives who have
these normal struggles and it really
humanizes the whole MIT idea.
It's always awesome to get the occasional
email from someone living really far away
who you would normally never get to
contact and its great just having them ask
questions about MIT and getting to answer
them and I think that's really the power
of the blogs where we can reach out to
anyone.
But when you get down to it MIT students
often could have gone to any number of
schools and they chose to come here
because they love this place. And that's
why they do Campus Preview Weekend. We
couldn't pay our students enough to drop
everything they're doing and throw a
thousand events of the course of a three
day weekend. We couldn't pay our students
enough to write everything that they're
writing on the blogs with the honesty and
compelling, genuine voice that they're
sharing it with.
And I think that there's really a place
for alums to come back and to now address
the audience of students and not even
just the pre-frosh. As an alum, its in a
sense and obligation of mine to give back
to MIT. There are students who would like
to see what a career path in the bio-
logical sciences looks like and I'm able
to provide that.
I'm really excited to see where the blogs
go and how they evolve with new social
media. I definitely plan on blogging until
I graduate. If I stay here after I
graduate, continuing then if possible.
And I think they will continue to evolve.
I think it will be a great next ten years.

---

### Controllable nanoparticles
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KdHksgstcXY

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Untangling coiled cables
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LdYJwPeVMY

Idioma: en

Engineers at MIT along with computer
scientists at Columbia University have
developed a method that predicts the
pattern of coils and tangles that a cable
may form when deployed on a rigid surface.
They say the method may help to design
better strategies for deploying underwater
fiber-optic cables. In the lab, MIT
engineers set up a desktop system to spool
spagetti-like cables onto a conveyer belt.
They adjusted perimeters such as speed of
deployment and the speed of the belt and
observed how the cable coiled as it hit
the surface.
The patterns created in the lab were
successfully predicted using an adapted
code, originally developed to animate hair
and cloth.
The researchers say the coil-predicting
method may help design better deployment
strategies for fiber-optic cables to avoid
twisting and tangling that could lead to
transmission glitches. In the future
the researchers hope to explore the
mechanics of a large group of thin,
elastic rods such as a full head of hair.
They are working to accurately simulate
friction, contact and collisions between
individual hairs.

---

### MIT Haystack Observatory
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGTR81lZkLM

Idioma: en

The observatory started or activity on
the hill where the observatory is located
started more than 50 years ago back in the
mid 1950s when Lincoln Laboratory needed
to do work associated with radar. In
particular radar for detecting inter-
continental ballistic missiles and var-
ious things associated with the Cold War.
Now in those early days Haystack was
built by the Air Force as a communications
facility and I was around when it was
first dedicated and somebody had a little
TV dish and they said, "What are you going
to use Haystack for, we can communicate
using a communication satellite." And the
Air Force at that time said, "Well maybe
there's general research work that could
be done with Haystack." And that's exactly
what happened. A huge, powerful megawatt
transmitter was built to do planetary
radar; that is to bounce signals off of
primarily Venus, Mercury, Mars; so that
was the big thing back then and this was
in the late 60s early 70s was planetary
radar. So now we have multiple facilities.
Some of them are Lincoln Laboratory
facilities because they maintain a strong
presence at the field site and some of
them are Haystack Observatory facilities.
Since its inception Haystack has been
known for the 37-meter antenna: the iconic
Haystack Radome but Haystack is a lot
more than that. Scientists and engineers
here are involved in a wide range of
different types of radio science. We have
two antennas used for atmospheric science;
we also have another smaller radome that
contains an 18-meter antenna that is used
for geodetic science. Haystack also
participates in radio science facilities
located around the world, places like
Chile and Australia for example.
So when people normally thing of an
observatory like Haystack Observatory
they think of something that operates in
wavelengths of light that you can see with
because most people are born with a sensor
that sees visible light. However here at
Haystack we actually look at the universe
through a number of different wavelengths
that are far outside the range that human
senses can directly measure. To do that we
need theses things called antennas.
They are very large pieces of metal and
they act kind of like the lens on a normal
telescope in that they focus radio waves
in a particular direction down to a point
where we can put a piece of electronics
that can sense them. For the work we do
here at Haystack the antennas have to be
very large for two reasons; not only
because we're trying to collect very faint
radio waves and so we need a very large
collecting surface, but also because those
waves have a size or a wavelength that's
much, much bigger than the normal optical
waves that we see by and antennas get
bigger or smaller as the wavelength or the
size of those waves. So we actually have
very large antennas here. One of them is
about the size of a soccer field and we
use those to sense very small waves that
are either generated by the natural
environment or that we make by bouncing a
very large signal from the ground off the
environment and recording the little,
faint signal that comes back.
At MIT Haystack we are advancing science
in many ways. Even the average citizen is
able to help us do science with tablets
and mobile phones in everyones pocket.
So how does it work? We are trying to get
to the point where we can image the entire
ionosphere of Earth in order to detect
interesting phenomena that are either
based in space or based on Earth like
potentially monitoring tsunamis and earth-
quakes. To do that we need people donating
us bandwidths and transport data via
mobile phones and different sensors. So
imagine going from hundreds of sensors to
billions of sensors.
For myself I find Haystack Observatory to
be a wonderfully exciting place to work
and a tremendously rewarding place to work
because of the people here and the
consistant, sustained enthusiasm and sheer
competence that exists here. I learned a
tremendous amount within six months of
walking in the door and that fact alone
speaks volumes about what Haystack is and
its really remarkable to see that
community and the quality of people
sharing their knowledge and integrating
people into the Haystack culture sustained
over decades. And one of the things I am
committed to as Director going forward is
to make sure that culture and that
community continues to thrive because
that's ultimately where excellence of the
technical and scientific work at the
observatory comes from.

---

### GelSight sensor gives robots touch
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1EBdbe4Nes

Transcrição não disponível

---

### MIT Robotic Cheetah
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMKQbqnXXhQ

Idioma: en

The general goal of our lab is to understand the
locomotion aspect of animals. Recently we are focusing
on quadrupeds, or four-legged animals and we try to
understand how they efficiently run in the field and nature
so that we can take that inspiration and then use it
in our engineering world. So for example we can create
prosthetic legs out of that technology and you could even
make new transportation replacing cars so that you
don't need the road in our world.
The cheetah is the fastest four-legged animal in the world
and we would like to make out robot run fast like a
cheetah.
When we started with our robot, we started to look at
cheetahs' motion and applied its principles to our
mechanical version of a cheetah.
Currently our robot cheetah can run up to 10 mph and
jump over a 33 cm high obstacle. So previously, most
legged robots are powered by internal combustion
engines and then hydraulic transmissions, and those are
very noisy and very inefficient. But people believe that
internal combustion engines and hydraulics are the only
way to make a legged robot run and support itself.
People believe that electric motors are not powerful
enough, so this is the first time we show that an
electrically powered robot can run and jump over
a foot high obstacle. In order to build a dynamic robot like
Cheetah we had to develop everything on the robot
including motors, control system and control algorithms.
Because previous robotic technology is focused on
controlling static motion over the robot.
I think this is a really exciting future where robots can be
quiet and efficient and also powerful and then we might
exceed the muscles' performance in the future.

---

### Synthetic squid skin
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kM-e2j8Equg

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Corals as engineers
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCv-HzdhILQ

Idioma: en

General thinking has long held that corals, colonies made
up of tiny creatures called polyps, are passive organisms
that rely entirely on ocean currents to deliver nutrients
and sweep away wastes. Now, researchers at MIT have
found corals to be far from passive, rather quite active in
engineering their environment to sweep water into
turbulent patters enhancing their ability to exchange
nutrients and dissolved gasses with their environment.
Coral cilia, which are the small threadlike appendages
that sweep through the water, were formally thought
to only affect the water within their reach. However now,
researchers have found that the cilia sweeping motions
produce vortical swirls of water that draw nutrients inward
towards the coral while driving potentially toxic waste
products such as excess oxygen out and away from
the coral surface. Besides illuminating how coral reefs
function which could help in finding ways to slow their
decline in the face of climate change, this research
could have implications in other fields. Cilia are
ubiquitous in living organisms such as inside airways
where they sweep away contaminants, however such
internal processes are difficult to study in the laboratory
since their movements are hidden from view. Therefore
studying corals with their external cilia could provide
a useful model for understanding these other processes.

---

### Sorting cells with sound waves
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCIW4yeCf6Y

Transcrição não disponível

---

### ALS Ice Bucket Challenge: MIT President L. Rafael Reif
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOokGMre4AM

Idioma: en

My name is Rafael Reif and I am the President of MIT. I'm here because
my dear friend, well, actually, my soon to be former dear friend
the President of Harvard Drew Faust and some colleagues of mine,
the MIT Edgerton Center, actually, my soon to be former colleagues of mine
from the Center, they issued a challenge for me to accept:
the ALS Ice Bucket proposition. I'm here to accept it because it is a
very important cause. It is important to raise awareness to ALS; to the
illness and devastating disease and its important to raise funds to
find a cure for ALS. As you can see this takes a great deal of courage
and I brought all the friends I could find to help me cheer up and
to do it with me. Next to me is the Chancellor of MIT Cindy Barnhart,
and next to her is MIT's Provost Marty Schmidt and hopefully they'll
get a little bit more water than I will. I would like to challenge the next
team for this proposition and I want to start with two student leaders.
Shruti Sharma the president of the Undergraduate Association and
Kendall Nowocin the president of the Graduate Student Council,
I'm sure they'll be thrilled to hear about this. I also want to challenge
three university Presidents of academic institutions that I highly
admire. Tom Rosenbaum, the president of CALTECH 
Nicholas Dirks, the chancellor of the UC Berkeley and Christina Paxon,
the president of Brown University. So all of you have 24 hours to
respond. Either get the ice bucket or pay $100 or do the right thing and
do both. I want to dedicate this challenge to Karolina Fraczkowska.
Karolina is from the MIT Class of 2001. She wrote me yesterday to
thank me for doing this and to tell me she had three little children
and to tell me that her husband died of the disease two months ago.
So I want to dedicate this to Karolina and to many others like her
who have suffered this tragedy and Karolina and your children,
this is for you. This concoction here, it works, right? This contraption
here was built by the members of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity.
This is the fraternity that Lou Gherig was a member of when he
was a student at Columbia University. And this fraternity has been
very involved promoting a solution for the ALS disease. I would like
to say that there is another contraption over there that you cannot see
but I'm going to join them in a moment. I'm going to do this twice
because unfortunately I got challenged twice. This one here, from
Phi Delta Theta is to respond to Drew's challenge. And the one from
Pi Lamba Phi, which is over there, if I survive this one I'm going to do
that one and that one is in response to the MIT Edgerton Center's
challenge. So, with that, there are two important things I need to do
one is to give my glasses to Mrs. Reif, where are you Mrs. Reif?
Cindy, do the honors. Cindy Barnhart: "OK everyone join me, three,
two, one!
Drew, we'll have a chat. OK on to the next one.

---

### LLRISE: Building radars at Lincoln Laboratory
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNBzR1XMXW0

Idioma: en

LLRISE is a two-week residential program for rising high school seniors.
There's an application process for the students and we accept
students from across the nation. MIT Lincoln Laboratory is a
federally funded research and development center and we here at
Lincoln Laboratory believe that community outreach is very important.
That's why LLRISE was developed. We wanted to give students
an opportunity to work with staff members at Lincoln and we also
wanted to get students excited about science and engineering and
work at a state-of-the-art lab.
A typical day for an LLRISE student is in the morning they have
lectures given by staff members from Lincoln Laboratory.
Then in the afternoon they get to do a hands on project.
So for this year as part of the LLRISE program the students are
making a miniature radar and that radar is capable of doing ranging
which is being able to determine how far targets are and they are
also capable of doing Doppler which is them being able to determine
the speed of targets and they can also do SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)
which is imaging objects or targets that are are a certain distance away.
And they are actually doing everything from scratch: 3D printing the
layout, soldering of the board, the layout their RF components,
assembling everything together and testing it.
At the end of the day the greatest joy is seeing the expression on
their faces, it's just priceless. You look at it and its just a feeling of,
"Wow. I built this, and its working, and its giving me good data."
As an instructor you're just standing there and you're just filled with pride.
I believe that they learn a lot when they're building hands-on because
they actually can see the components and they can ask specifically,
"What does this do?" and we can explain to them how the system works.
I've always enjoyed teaching what I know because I appreciate
when other people teach me and being able to provide this type
of an environment to students is something that I really enjoy.
Seeing the passion that they have is reminiscent of when I was a
student engineer and it reminds me of why I got started doing the
things that I'm doing today; and the passion that we had for physics
and math and engineering.
Beyond them working on some of the technical components we also
are teaching them a little bit on how to develop some of their soft
skills. By soft skills I mean being able to interact with people, being
able to converse with others and also being able to put together
presentations; putting together power-point presentations and being
able to stand in front of a crowded audience and present the work
that they've done.
At the end of the day I think that they learn how to interact with
like-minded people but also with a diversity of experiences.
And being part of MIT Lincoln Laboratory and being part of a program
such as this is something that you can't really find anywhere else
and that is somewhat what makes the experience at the lab very,
very unique. I mean it's MIT so, this is just the perfect place to be.

---

### Magnetic Hair
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gq6SYIrbcrk

Idioma: en

Researchers at MIT have developed a flexible material inspired
by animal hair that moves in response to a magnetic field.
The surface consists of a thin, flexible polymer skin and a ferromagnetic
hair-like micropillar array. The orientation of these micropillars
can be controlled by an external magnetic field.
The micropillars tilt in the direction of the magnetic field and as a
result the pillars can control the direction in which fluids spreads
through the material. When the magnetic field switches direction
the fluid instantaneously changes direction following the orientation
of the field. Even on a vertically inclined surface fluid can be
tuned to climb against gravity. The material can also influence a fluids
drag. Under a more tilted magnetic field a droplets drag across the
material is reduced. In addition to manipulating the flow of fluids
the materials tilting pillars can also influence optical patterns
similar to the way window blinds filter sunlight.
The researchers say this work provides exciting opportunities for
real-time fluid and light manipulation. The surface can serve as
an important platform for applications such as smart windows,
versatile artificial skin, cell manipulation, dynamic optical devices
and fluid control.

---

### Surfaces can control what's on them
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LrZfVvmvRU

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Vision Correcting Displays
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNdapCs6vR8

Idioma: en

A lot of people have refractive errors. Its estimated that about 40%
of the U.S. population has myopia, or nearsightedness.
About 25% are farsighted. For the last few hundred years
eyeglasses have been the primary means to correct for refractive
errors in the eyes. Today we also have contact lenses or we can do
surgery. Surgery however can sometimes be dangerous and
eyeglasses and contact lenses are kind of annoying because you
have you wear them on your head or stick them in your eye.
Our team has invented a new technology that corrects for refractive
errors in the eye using a display. It basically puts the glasses on the
display rather than on your head.
As our screens become higher and higher resolution its not just
for looking at them in HD. One way we can improve those very
small pixels is to create a 3-D display but what we're doing now is
not just 3-D its about creating displays that correct for the human eye.
We noticed that people most of the time wear glasses to see 2-D
better and not 3-D. We built a low cost prototype that you can clip
on to your existing phone and turn it into a vision-correcting display.
It's basically a special printed transparency. The pattern on the
transparency is an array of pinholes that basically codes the
image that we show on the display for the human observer.
And we use special algorithms to create the images that we show
on the display.
These vision-correcting screens, by the way, are highly personalized.
And that is because the hardware technology is fixed but in software
you can dial in for whatever prescription you man have.
We've successfully demonstrated that we can correct for myopia,
hyperopia, astigmatism and even higher order aura aberrations
that are difficult to be corrected with conventional glasses.
You can imagine this technology to be integrated in your phone,
in your tablet, in your laptop; in your e-reader or even in the car
to see your GPS better and the speedometer.
We hope to also help people in the developing world that don't
necessarily have access to a health infrastructure as we do here.
If you don't have your prescription and you can't correct for refractive
errors, you can see or read properly. This can lead to illiteracy and
in some cases unemployment. By building technology that helps
people see better we hope to make an impact on their lives.

---

### Bamboo Engineering
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3OBbGojx_k

Idioma: en

In our project on structural bamboo products we're looking at the
the idea of using bamboo in an analogous way to the way people
use wood products for construction. So for instance for wood
products people take wood and they cut it into various shaped pieces
and they produce things like plywood and oriented strand board and
glue laminated timbers. The idea is we'd like to do something similar
with bamboo. There are several interesting things about bamboo as
a material, one is that it grows very fast and if you take an acre of land
people have shown that you can actually grow more mass of bamboo
than you can of wood. It's a renewable resource, but another
interesting thing is that it actually has extremely good mechanical
properties. If you compare the mechanical properties of bamboo with
typical woods used in structural engineering its got very comparable
stiffness and strength. For the same density the stiffness is a little bit lower
and the strength is a little bit higher in bamboo as compared to wood.
So this is a bamboo culm, this is a moso bamboo culm, we're working
with moso bamboo, it grows in China, and one of the things we are
interested in is how the density varies from the inside to the outside of
the culm wall. So if you took a little piece of bamboo from the inside here
the density would be lower than on the outside over here, and the
mechanical properties also vary radially across this thickness here.
So the mechanical properties tend to be a little lower on the inside
and higher on the outside. So one of the things we're interested in
doing is trying to see how you might optimize the use of the pieces of
the bamboo in the structural bamboo product, in order to get the most
bang for your buck - to get the best properties you can with the
material that you've got.
So this is one of the samples of bamboo that we test and you can
see its a fairly thing sample. One of the things that we do is if this
is the whole wall of the culm we take specimens from different
radial positions and then we do bending tests on these beams.
So we set it up like this, and we do a little bending test like this, and that
gives that a measure of the stiffness of the bamboo and also the bending
strength of the bamboo. We also do compression tests as well and
we look at various other kinds of mechanical behavior; we look at
shear and fracture as well.
So we're hoping that in the end, this material might be more widely
adopted, especially in developing countries that have a lot of
bamboo resources, and that show that you could use them in
construction in a way analogous to wood products.

---

### Gold nanoparticles easily penetrate cells
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxRTYOdR654

Transcrição não disponível

---

### 7 Finger Robot
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTJW5YSRZhw

Idioma: en

It is well known that the motion of human fingers is controlled by synergy.
Which is the idea that groups of muscles are activated together by a single
control signal. This coherent activation is much more efficient than controlling
redundant muscles individually.
Through sequencing and super-positioning of only a few synergies we can
achieve a variation of complex motions that we perform on a daily basis.
We want to extend the synergy base control to wearable robotic limbs.
Everyday we use various tools. We use a knife and fork and then we drive
a car. And if you use these tools for a long time you feel that those tools are
just an extension of your body.
So that's exactly what we would like to do with robotics. You have extra
fingers and extra arms, if we can control and communicate with them
very well you will get to feel like those are an extension of your own body.
These are the SR Fingers which are robotic fingers that mount to your wrist.
It has six degrees of freedom, three degrees of freedom in each finger.
The fingers are quite long so the user can grab things that are usually much
larger or much heavier than can do with a single hand.
We take input from a sensor glove, which you see over here, and we have
these bending sensors that can measure the position of the human fingers.
And through an algorithm we can control the output, which are the positions
of the SR Fingers with the position of the human fingers so the motion can be
very natural and implicit. With the assistance of the SR Fingers the user can
grasp objects that are usually too difficult for them to do with a single hand.
For example objects that are too large, too heavy or the surface of the object
is too hot or too cold. You can also perform tasks that usually require
two hands, with a single hand for example taking the cap off of a bottle,
or opening a letter. For elderly or people with disabilities, these fingers can
help them enjoy a living much more independently.
I think that all the technologies and tools that are developed for the
handicapped turns out to be useful things for healthy people. And with these
particular hands and fingers, we can find many other ways we can be using it.
We are still exploring what the kind of tasks will be most useful for the people.

---

### Squishy Robots
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aozu2C9Kmlg

Idioma: en

Traditionally when we think about robots we think about rigid pieces
that are linked together. Things like C3PO. Things like WALL-E.
What we're trying to do is build robots that emulate biological systems.
So they have soft components, they are very deformable, they can
squeeze through small spaces and they can interact safely with people.
And so what we're trying to do is to go away from metal a little bit.
We wanted to develop tunable stiffness structures and materials.
The idea is that the robot should be soft in situations where we want to
conform to the environment or squeeze through tight spaces, but we
also would need it to be rigid when we need to apply loads on the
environment so that we can adequately push against objects and
that sort of thing.
So what we were looking for was a material that could shift between soft
and hard states. So what you're looking at here is a soft scaffold of foam
that has been coated in wax. When the wax is heated you get the soft
structure and when the wax re-solidifies it regains its rigidity.
So imagine if your components were more compliant then perhaps we
could increase the robots capabilities. For example if you wanted to use
this composite foam-wax that has tunable stiffness properties to make
some autonomous robot or to control the shape of a robot you can have
different segments of the foam coated in wax and selectively change the
stiffness of them. So lets say you have three segments and you wanted
to just bend the middle one, you keep the outer two segments rigid
in the cold state, and you heat up the middle one so that it softens and
you can bend it; for example by pulling a string or a cable that goes
down the length just to bend that one. And then of course if you want
that shape or that segment to freeze in its new shape, you let it cool in
whatever bent position, at room temperature.
I think that the structures you are seeing here are just the beginning of
a whole new class of robotics. Again, imagine robots that have the
same capabilities of biological systems. Mice, we all know we can't
keep mice out of anything because they can squeeze through tiny, tiny
cracks. This is something that could be useful for robots in
search-and-rescue applications, where you have to go through rubble.
It could be useful in medical applications where you have to squeeze
through small parts of the body. It could be useful in areas where robots
have to interact safely with humans; there's a whole host of applications
out there.

---

### Mathematics at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSVHaIWIgUE

Idioma: en

Many people think that they don't like math and they think its hard,
they think its very formal, they think it doesn't say anything to them
about their lives or something that they enjoy. But in fact I believe
that the ability to appreciate math lies in everybody.
For example, for me, Mathematics is just a way of connecting
ideas that are really far apart from each other and sort of building
a path or stepping stone to get from point A to point B.
Maybe as a mathematician I'm sort of in this ether world, or look at
the world from a different view point where I just see mathematics
everywhere.
The amazing thing about mathematics is that it can tell you things
about the world. That's something we know, but what does that really mean.
One of the things I think is important to understand is that math is not
just about formulas. It's about ideas.
The Math Department at MIT is the department that has the largest
number of double majors. So what that means is that a lot of students
at MIT like to do math because they recognize it is a really solid
background to have, and then they attach something that they really
want to do with their life. Many of them major in economics. Many
of them major in biology. But the fact that we have the largest number
of double majors speaks to the fact that math is the interdisciplinary
piece with respect to all the other kind of majors you can have at MIT.
The Math Department allows you to take a lot of courses that you just
get to choose. You have to take some requirements but you get to choose
a lot of them, and then you get to find something you like and really take
a lot of courses in that and do a lot of really cool things.
We also teach communication intensive courses in mathematics,
which is very unusual. The communication intensive courses are
courses in which students learn how to write and how to communicate in
the major; so how to write in mathematics and how to communicate in
mathematics.
The students are fantastic. They are also very much willing to learn how
to write a paper in math, how to deliver math, and they themselves feel like
by the end of the class they can express their mathematical ideas much
better than in the beginning. So its very interactive and I think at the
end of the day very useful.
The Math Department is great. Its a little daunting at first, especially
because there are some people who come from backgrounds where they
went to some big private school and did a lot of competition math and
all sorts of math that just wasn't available or I didn't know existed before
I came to MIT. It's been a great experience. I've learned a lot about me as a
person and said, "OK, this is definitely what I want to do." And I think
you know what you want to do when you're just so happy doing whatever
it is in the subject, really, no matter what it is.
What's amazing is how mathematics is used universally among people.
So the mathematics that we do here in the United States is the same
mathematics that goes on in other countries.
It's a very challenging subject but it is also a very well organized subject.
There's not such a thing as a gray area, either you get it or you don't
get it. Just like YES or NO.
Mathematics is just everywhere and if we can understand mathematics
and understand how it relates to the world then we can just make a better
world. Because everything's just mathematics.

---

### All in the Family: One family, eight employees, 85+ years of service
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3E2STwZZ4s

Idioma: en

I remember as a child my dad would always come home and tell us
stories about his work at MIT Lincoln Labs. He start in 1959 and
he retired after 31 years of service.
He took a lot of pride in his jobs and I think the family always
felt as though MIT was not only a very prestigious university to attend
as a student but it was also a prestigious place to work as an employee.
A friend of mine I used to hang around with when we were kids
worked there and he told me about it so I decided to go and try there.
In fact, I think I went down and I applied three or four times before
they finally found an opening for me. I started working polishing crystals.
Semiconductor crystals: geranium, indium antimonide; metalic materials
that they used for making diodes and transistors.
So all in all we have a total of eight family members who have worked
here at MIT in some regards.
I worked there, I got two daughters who worked there. My son worked there
oh two sons.
My son has worked here. My nephew is now working here on campus
as well as my wife.
My father, he wanted all of us to the opportunities that he had and
advancing ourselves and so I considered myself very lucky to be
able to be one of the employees at Lincoln Lab.
All I remember is how impressive the variety of work that was going on.
You could go into one lab that had lasers, which I used to go visit my
father and I would see him and he'd be setting up mirrors and lasers on
these tables, and then you could go into another lab that was a clean lab
where you had to suit up to go into because they couldn't have any dust or
any particles floating around in the air. It was very impressive.
I think my family as a whole has formed a lot of significant and meaningful
relationships throughout our employment here at MIT. I think there's
a lot that MIT has to offer. Not only the enjoyment of doing what we do
here. For me its working with my hands. It's the relationships that I've
built over the year with students, and with my peers. It's just very
rewarding.
Well it's a good place to work and I think, well, I'll say they followed me
because it was a good example, I think I was a good example.
Oh sure (laughter) definitely. I think they are too.

---

### Bake your own robot
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1ZKV9oPsoI

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Ballroom Dancing at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmHMLytMY6c

Idioma: en

The MIT Ballroom Dance Team is an organization of about
100 members. We have grad students, undergrad students
as well as MIT affiliates and their partners.
You don't have to be a dancer or have any experience in order to
join the team. We don't have tryouts and we have a motley of
different types of classes to help you get started.
The team itself originated from the MIT Ballroom Dance Club
that was established in the 1970s.
And because of the popularity of ballroom dancing competitions
several club members decided to start a ballroom dance team
because they wanted to compete and focus more on the technical
aspects of dancing rather than the social aspect.
So we have a bunch of classes. We teach all the way from beginner
to champ and we have instruction in the four different styles
that comprise ballroom. It shows in the way we compete and
the way we perform, and we are probably one of the
stronger collegiate teams in the country today.
We also host one of the largest competitions nationally,
where we have almost 1000 competitors come in, which
is very exciting.
The Ballroom Dance Club focuses on social dancing
which means that we do cover all of the regular ballroom dances
and we do teach all of them, but it is at a pretty relaxed pace.
We don't actually require them to have any partners or any
previous experience. It's supposed to be an environment that's
friendly and casual; a place where people can feel
comfortable coming and going.
Although the team and the club have slightly different ways
in which we operate, in the end it all comes down to the same thing:
we all love ballroom dancing.
Often you'll find team members involved in running some of the
things the club does, and some of the club members are team
members now.
Some people might want to choose to dance one style competitively
but they still want to learn the other style just to be able to dance it
socially. So we are all part of one big system.
There is a pretty large variety of people and we do welcome
everybody. It ranges from the MIT students, faculty and staff, and
then there are other people who are just in the community and
they like learning how to dance.
One aspect that really plays into it, is just how passionate people
here are at MIT. You'll see someone light-up about, phytoplankton
and then at the very next moment they'll be talking about how they
just love this one samba song and I think it's this passion that really
drives people to be willing to commit as much time as
necessary to perfect not only their academic work but also their
dance technique or any other extracurricular activities that they do.

---

### Neuron Activity in 3-D
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Dotiqbtvoo

Idioma: en

The brain is made out of a huge number of neurons.
In the human brain we have perhaps 100 billion neurons.
Those neurons work together in complex networks in order to
generate things like thoughts and feelings.
Now, if we want to know where in this complex network
something is happening we ideally could be able to see all the
processing happening all at once.
If we can't do that, and we can only see a part of the circuit as it
processes information, we might not know exactly where the
actually computations are happening.
For example imagine you are trying to figure out how
your computer works and you look at the screen.
You might conclude, by looking at the screen, that there's a lot
of stuff happening in the screen.
But as we know its not the screen that's actually doing the
computing, there are chips in the computer elsewhere that are
processing the information.
Our group is interesting in understanding how the brain works.
And the key components for doing that are the tools for controlling
the brain and reading out from the brain.
One way to read out from the brain is to read out the activity optically.
So, if we can convert the activity of the neurons into lights then we can
literally see how the brain is actually computing.
In this current study the goal is to try and figure out whether there
are ways to record the neural activity of all the cells in an organism.
For example there is a small worm, C. elegans, which has only
302 neurons. Those neurons mediate sensation, movement,
decision making and so forth.
If we can record the neural activity - the fast electrical pulses that these
cells use to compute - throughout an entire nervous system, then
it might be possible to figure out how different parts of the brain
work together in order to generate complex outputs.
Up until now people were only able to record the signal only from the
brain or head region of the worm because of the intrinsic tradeoff
between the field of view and the speed that comes from scanning.
In this work we don't rely on any scanning which now allows us to
do high-speed 3-D imaging with a very large field of view.
What we found was that indeed we could take simultaneous
three-dimentional images throughout the entire body of an
organism, and along the way we picked up the neural activity of
cells throughout the brain and the various ganglia that make up
the nervous system.
Now, because we can image the neural activity throughout
an entire nervous system, we can avoid the problem of not knowing
where a particular computation is happening.
We can see everything that's going on and that allows us to
pinpoint where information processing is occurring.

---

### Smartphone-readable microparticles crack down on counterfeiting
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3NWCqp7s1A

Idioma: en

So basically counterfeiting is fraudulent and illegal activity and
counterfeiting can take many forms. It can take the form of something
that is relatively benign where let's say someone fakes up a Gucci
handbag and tries to sell it and pass it off as a real one. It can also
take the form of something a little more serious and potentially
life-threatening where someone tries to introduce fake pills into
the pharmaceutical supply chain. Probably the form that most
everyone is familiar with is currency counterfeiting; suitcases of
fake US currency showing up on the market. There's hundreds of
anti-counterfeiting technologies out on the market right now but
most of them are very narrowly limited to certain circumstances or
certain applications. Whereas ours can be made to fit the needs of
many different applications.
So the microparticles that we're making are approximately the size
of them is about the width of a human hair, to give you some dimention.
When you zoom in on each one of these particles it has individual
stripes and each one of these stripes has a different color. So it is
simply a combination of the number of colors and the arrangements
of the stripes which gives the identity to the particle.
So what we've actually done in this project is we've created a particle
motif and then actually shown that we can manufacture these with
an extreme reproducibility which is really important if you are going to
put them into any commercial application, and then read them out
with very low error rates. So we're not mistaking the identity of a
code when we read it out of blister pack or currency. And then anotther
important thing we wanted to do is to make sure when we read them out
you don't need a million dollar machine to read out the particle, but
is something very small, compact and economical, and what we've
been able to achieve is just simply using iPhones or consumer phones
to read these out.
So this is the prototype decoder that we developed as a lab-scale.
This device consists of three parts: eyepiece, the illumination part and
the objective. So we can easily attach an iPhone to this device and
then we can see our particles.
So how would this actually work in practice. Let's assume you have
some currency and you want to find out whether or not it is authentic.
You would take the device, put it down onto the currency, shine an infrared
light source in through here. The light would travel down, illuminate
the particles which would then emit visible light. That visible light
would travel back up through the lens and a picture of the particles
will be displayed on the screen of your smartphone.
This is a lab-scale device and one of our future goals is to reduce
the size of this down to something that can snuggly fit on the top
of your smartphone.
The current state these particles and the way we read them out are
very general platform for anti-counterfeiting and the nice way about
them is we can add other modules onto them and tailor them for
individual niche markets. In pharmaceuticals you may want to not only
have the particles we currently have but add on other sensors and we
can very easily do this. I think what we're interested in the future is
thinking about each one of these markets and how we tailor
the particles to address the needs in those markets.

---

### Measuring the migration of river networks
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FnroL1_-l2c

Idioma: en

To most of us, river networks
appear to be fixed features of
the landscape. In fact, many
rivers define political
boundaries that have been in
place for centuries. But what if
those boundaries are moving?
Scientists have long suspected
that river networks are not as
static as they appear. Some
rivers look distorted and others
contain rocks or aquatic
organisms that could only
have come from other rivers
that aren't currently attached.
This suggests that rivers have
been shifting and moving across
the landscape over millions of
years. But until now, there has
been no way to measure this
change. Researchers at MIT and
the Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology have developed a
mapping technique that measures
how much a river network is
changing and in what direction
it may be moving. The technique
focuses on a river network's
drainage divides. The ridge-
lines that that separate two
neighboring river basins. As
rainwater flows down either side
of the drainage divide and into
opposing rivers it erodes the
underlying rock creating an
imbalance in the river network.
To reach a balance the drainage
divide must shift to assume a
more stable pattern. With this
new measuring technique,
researchers can determine the
direction in which a divide
would have to move to bring its
river networks into balance.
Knowing where river systems are
shifting, may help scientists
understand how these rivers
shifted, diverged and merged
over millions of years.
This knowledge may help solve
some long-standing mysteries
in geology and biology. Such as
why some rocks and fish that
seem to belong in one river basin
are also found in another.

---

### Autonomous, self-contained soft robotic fish at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSA_zb1ajes

Idioma: en

We are developing soft-bodied robots and there are three important
things to know about these robots. First, their bodies are made
out of soft silicon and they can bend and twist because of that.
They're also inherently safe to be around. Second, because of their
bodies capability to bend and twist, these robots are capable
of very compliant motion and they're also capable of very rapid
agile maneuvers which pushes the envelope on what machines
can do today. And, thirdly, the robots are self-contained and
autonomous; in other words we can package the power source,
the computation and the actuation and sensing needed for these
robots to deliver their motions.
Traditionally soft robots have been either self-contained or capable
of high-performance, but not both. So specifically in our lab we
want to achieve both of those goals simultaneously in one machine.
Currently a soft robot has two parts. One, which is a little bit smaller,
is the rigid part where we store all the supporting hardware.
And the second part, which is a little bit larger, is the soft body
where all the continuous, natural movement happens. And so
when we thought about it, a fish made sense. It has a very similar
structure: in the head of the fish where the brains are held, it is a
little bit more rigid, but in the rear of the fish where the angulatory motion
happens, it's quite soft and compliant.
This is our soft robot fish. Like we said, he has a soft body here in
green and the supporting hardware up front. The way this fish works
is it stores fluid onboard, in the form of a gas, and then releases
this gas through a series of pipes and valves into the body.
If you think about it, it is very similar to blowing up a balloon.
In that case, your mouth would be the pressure source and the
balloon would be the body actuator. And basically by inflating and
un-inflating different parts of of the body we can get it to angulate.
What is special about this fish is it has its brains onboard too.
So if I, from my computer, tell the fish to move forward a signal
is sent wirelessly through the water to the brains and then the brains
tell the hardware what to do in order to move forward.
Biological fish use the 'escape maneuver' or the 'c-turn' to escape
prey and they do these maneuvers very fast; on the order of
100 milliseconds. Our robot fish is also able to execute this escape
maneuver at the same speed: 100 milliseconds.
The fact that our fish can perform an escape maneuver is really
important for the field of soft robotics. It shows that soft robots can
be both self-contained and capable of high performance.
The maneuver is so fast and it has got such high body curvature
that it shows soft robots might be more capable than hard robots
in some tasks.

---

### The Foundry at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QigJaQ0qp4A

Idioma: en

A foundry in a general sense is
a place where you melt and cast
metal. And what we do at MIT
encompasses a wide range of
applications in melting and
casting metals. We support
faculty research, we do artistic
casting, we do experimental
alloying, sample preparation
and we also teach a lot of
material science concepts
through the lens of the foundry
and foundry science. I came to
MIT as an undergraduate in 1947
and joined graduate school in
1951 and undertook my research
under the then professor of
foundry here at MIT. Metal
casting, of course, had been a
part of the curriculum at least
at MIT since its founding. In
terms of a laboratory of
significant size, working on
foundry problems, that came only
just at the end of the Second
World War when a materials
processing laboratory was setup;
spurred by the fact that there
was enormous opportunities and
enormous growth in this country
in the basic metals and materials
industry as the country now
moved from a war-time standard
to a standard of civilian
production goods. And MIT
responded to that need with
strong educational and research
activities in that area of
technology. I think the most
important thing about the foundry
is that it does give the students
and opportunity to see the
things they've been learning in
classes in a real way. So, they
may have learned about heat-
transfer. They may have learned
about the solidification process.
They may have learned about the
flow of fluids through different
pathways and that's all in the
foundry and in the foundry
practice and not only do they
see it but they do it. And I
think when students get that
hands-on experience the classroom
material really comes alive and
they learn it more effectively.
I'm a second year graduate
student and my research is on
tungston metallurgy. And so
working in the foundry is
relevant to my interests because
what you do in the foundry is
cast metals and that is one of
the most common methods of
processing and shaping metals.
Hands-on laboratories are an
essential part of any engineering
education and the best of these
laboratories provide students
the opportunity to innovate and
create and even sometimes to
make real things. In my research
I work with samples that have a
mass typically of one gram or
less. And in this foundry when
I cast metals I'm talking about
casting pounds of metals so its
a very hands-on, visceral
experience when you're cradling
five pounds of molten bronze
ready to cast. And it definitely
is in line with MIT's motto of
Mens et Manus; getting your
hands dirty in the foundry.
In one sense the foundry looks
like home to me. To see the
metal and the furnaces, but I
must tell you in the good old
days we had a lot more space and
for that reason I'm looking
forward to the expanded space
that we expect to have as we
move. And I think it it will be
a great thing for the department
and a great thing for MIT
because it will put the foundry
in a place where they're more
visible and they're more
accessible to students both for
academic research and hopefully
entertaining or fun projects.

---

### Transparent Displays at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0aw58MUciWw

Idioma: en

Currently there are a few
different transparent display
technologies and each of them is
suitable for a different set of
applications. These include
organic transparent displays,
reflecting displays as well as
fluorescent displays. What we're
trying to achieve is something
that is particularly simple to
implement and is fairly cheap
and scaleable. So typically you
either project images onto a
white piece of wall which does
the purpose because it scatters
light but it is not transparent;
light cannot go through. Or you
have a piece of glass where light
goes through but you cannot
project any images onto it. So
if we can actually project images
onto glasses then it will enable
much more opportunities. For
example you can now project
onto a window of a store so I
can display information of the
products inside. Or you can
project images onto an office
window or on the windows of
subway trains. So the way we
went to implement this is we
embedded resonant nano-particles
into a polymer. So you can think
of it as a plastic foil and
these nano-particles are
implemented such that they
reflect only certain, particular
colors. In our case, the one
that we demonstrated was a blue
color. So it will strongly
reflect that particular color
but all the other colors will go
through. Therefore our
transparent screen is simply a
sheet of transparent plastic
with some nano-particles in it.
And you can take this sheet of
plastic and put it onto a glass
and then this glass will still
be transparent but you will be
able to project images onto it.
For the future we plan to make
the screen even more transparent
for the colors that we do not
target. And also we plan to
extend this method so that it
can display multiple colors,
specifically red, green and blue
so that you will be able to show
a full color image. Since this
is a relatively simple method
and it is really cheap to make
these plastic foils that display,
we can envision that in the
future people will just go to
convenience stores to buy this
piece of plastic, go home
and just put it onto their
windows or wherever they want to
project images and then will
be able to turn that transparent
glass into something useful
that can display.

---

### Internal waves
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYmRnSRsS7Y

Transcrição não disponível

---

### The FreeD: MIT 'smart tools' meld personal technique with computerized controls
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krRTZqFFn6c

Idioma: en

The FreeD is a handheld,
augmented device that allows
you to carve and sculpt manually
with your hands without being
knowledgeable or skilled in this
process. Currently there are two
ways to do things: one, to use
a machine, a robotic fabricator
that will do it for us, or to
hold a chisel and to sculpt by
hand. However it takes many
years to train using a manual
device and today most of us
don't have this knowledge so
this technology allows us to use
our hand with the computer help-
ing us and assisting us to be
much more engaged and to create
this intimate relationship
between the maker, the hand, and
the material.
So the way the tool works is
basically the computer tracks
the tool at every point. There
is a tracker on the tool itself.
It's magnetic tracking so its
very precise. And basically the
computer knows and keeps track
of whatever material is removed
by the user. Every position the
user gets to with the tool the
computer knows that the material
that was there is gone because
if the user was able to reach
that point that material is gone.
And basically the computer just
makes sure that the user does
not penetrate a 3-D virtual model
that sits in the computers memory.
So the user can work freely and
remove as much material as they
want but as soon as they get
very close or up to the surface
of the 3-D model (remember every-
thing is 3-D tracked to a very
high precision) the computer
stops the carving tool from
working so the user cannot harm
the model itself. With this
technology our intention was not
to make a new, better fabrication
technology that would be more
accurate or more efficient, but
what we want to do is to involve
this subjective intention, the
personal making process in
digital practice. Each of us
will have a different tool path.
If we all rely on the same
reference we still have a
different story. This unique
narrative, this unique subjective
signature on the final product.

---

### Droplets break a theoretical time barrier on bouncing
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qQirthIyh0

Transcrição não disponível

---

### MIT Community Service Fund
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdScQ1vqCjY

Idioma: en

The MIT Community Service Fund
was started by the faculty about
forty-five years ago in 1968.
The idea was a very general one
that anyone from the MIT
community who chose to
volunteer would have the
opportunity to apply to this fund
for some financial support in
order to further the work of
those agencies and organizations
that already exist or to begin a
project that a student, faculty
member or staff member might
have had.
Community centers in general
rely heavily on volunteers to
get all our work done. There is
no way we can afford all the
labor we need to do all the
programs that we do. We are
incredibly lucky to have a
resource like MIT as a literal
neighbor right next-door with
just hundreds, thousands of
talented people who want to
give something back to the
community.
I'm really amazed by how much
effort students put into volun-
teering. I have students come in
here on a regular basis because
I am an advisor, and when they
tell me what they're up to I am
often times really kind of blown
away because they're spending a
ton of time volunteering. Which,
given how busy they are already
is really pretty amazing.
What the Community Service Fund
really does is it enables the
energy that students already have
to actually come to fruition in
terms of volunteer activities.
Its a very important part of what
MIT has to offer to the greater
community and is probably one of
the most efficient ways to
leverage the talent and the
energy that our students have.
I like teaching and I wanted to
help out in the community.
ReachOut is a program where
students from MIT come to the
Cambridge Community Center for
an hour after school, twice a
week and work with a local
elementary school student on
reading, language arts, writing
and playing outside sometimes too.
Many of these students come up
with very creative ideas to
further their interest in
community service. The fund also
provides a way in which under-
graduates as well as graduate
students can bond with one-
another and to provide for the
young people new and exciting
ways to think about school,
about work and about careers.
Amphibious Achievement is a duel
athletic and academic mentorship
program. So what that means is
on Sundays we do rowing and
swimming in the morning and we
go and tradition to the academic
classroom. The goal of Amphibious
Achievement is to promote success
in and out of the water and also
in the program, what we're doing
is we're cultivating a classroom
and a boathouse and a pool all of
achievement. It's all about
building confidence and determi-
nation and skills. And most
importantly we're having fun.
Every Sunday its a super positive
environment. Everyone's clapping
and snapping and appreciating
the things that are around us.
You'd be amazed how many young,
Cambridge kids don't think they
could go to MIT and by getting
to know an MIT student, by
working with that person over a
lengthy amount of time suddenly
that possibility opens up for
them and the children and their
parents are amazingly grateful
for that kind of access.
I know a lot of us would like to
do volunteering and some of us
feel that this is not a good time
when we could do that, we're
super busy with other things,
but one of the things we can do
is to support those in our
community who are finding the
time to get out there. And by
giving a small contribution we
can all make a really big
difference.

---

### Better batteries through biology
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pUVrUIV4xu4

Idioma: en

Can biology be used to grow a
better battery for for long-
distance vehicle applications?
M13 bacteriophage, a benign
bacterial virus can be used as
template in water and aqueous
conditions, to grow manganese
oxide nanowires. These manganese
oxide nanowires when combined
with a small amount of palladium
increase the catalytic performance
of these materials. This whole
structure now can be used for a
lithium oxygen battery electrode.
These battery electrodes interact
with lithium and oxygen and
electrons to form lithium
peroxide. This is a reversable
reaction where lithium peroxide
forms back into its components
to complete the cycle. Now many
of these viruses can be combined
and integrated into future
lithium oxygen batteries.
In these batteries oxygen comes
from the environment and
combines with lithium ions from
the lithium metal and the
electrons to power a vehicle.
Future vehicles could have
biological batteries that could
increase the range between
charges.

---

### Self-steering particles
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAxluLtqfHI

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Explained: Quantum Computing
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4E7TCnoek4

Idioma: en

A quantum computer is a
hypothetical machine that would
exploit the principles of quantum
mechanics that govern the
subatomic world, in order to
solve certain problems much
faster than we know how to solve
them with any computer today.
Quantum mechanics has been the
basic framework for almost all
of physics for nearly a century.
What is says is that if you don't
know what state a system is in -
like you don't know if an electron
is in its ground state, its lowest
energy or in the next higher
energy - well the issue is in
quantum mechanics the different
places where the particle could
be, or the different paths that
it could take to reach a certain
final position can all interfere
with each other. And if that
happens then these different
paths can cancel each other out.
So then if some are positive and
others are negative then maybe
you won't find the particle at
that final place at all.
A classical computer, you know,
is of course based on bits which
are a bunch of elements that can
be either definitely zero or
definitely one. Now a quantum
computer is based on a quantum
bit, or q-bits, which can be, as
we say, in a quantum super
position of the zero and one
states. Now the way most popular
articles like to put it is that
it can be zero and one at the
same time. And the problem is
that at some point you've got to
measure the computer to figure
out or to read out an answer.
Which answer you see is
determined by these amplitudes.
An amplitude is like the square
root of a probability. Now the
key point is that the same number
can have more than one square
root. For example, "2" and "-2"
are both square roots of "4".
So corresponding to that you
can have either a positive or a
negative amplitude. So now, what
a quantum computer would be
is a computer that would exploit
this phenomenon of interference
between positive and negative
amplitudes on a massive scale.
And the goal would be that you
would try to, sort of, choreograph
things so that all of the
different paths leading to a
wrong answer would be out of
phase. Some would have positive
amplitudes. Others would have
negative amplitudes. And so they
would cancel each other out.
Whereas the paths leading to a
right answer should all have the
same sign. They should all
reinforce each other. And if you
can arrange that, then when you
look at the computer, at the end,
then you're going to see the
right answer with high probability.
Probably the most dramatic
application of a quantum computer,
the one that makes the headlines,
is that it could break almost
all of the cryptography that we
use today to protect our credit
card numbers. But that's actually,
probably not the most useful
application. Maybe its useful
if you're the first to do it and
you don't tell anyone else about
it, but it will mean that the
world will have to switch to
other cryptographic codes when
this starts to become practical.
Maybe a much more useful
application is one thats
actually the first one that the
physicists thought of back in
the 1980s. And one that is so
obvious that we barely even talk
about it. Namely you can use a
quantum computer to simulate
quantum physics. For example if
you are designing pharmaceuticals.
Or, if you're trying to design new
nano materials. If you're trying
to understand high-tempurature
superconductors or do high-energy
physics. Or do quantum chemistry.
For any of these applications,
any place where we're sort of
understanding the quantum
behavior of atoms and molecules
is relevant, well a quantum
computer sort of naturally
implements those dynamics and
so it could give you huge speed-
ups in simulating those sorts
of things. And, probably the
third application of quantum
computers is that you can try
and throw them at these np
complete problems. Like,
combinatorial optimization
problems like airline scheduling.
Or like the traveling salesmen
problem. Any problem where you
have a whole bunch of constraints
that you're trying to satisfy.
This is a huge, huge class of
practical problems that people
try to solve. But now for these
problems we don't yet know,
sort of, how much an advantage
quantum computers are actually
going to give you. If there's
some fundamental reason why you
can't build a quantum computer
then I hope that we discover that
because that would be a hundred
times more exciting than success
in building one. In principle
impossibility of quantum computers
would force us to revise our
whole conception of the laws
of physics.

---

### Explained: Optogenetics
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nb07TLkJ3Ww

Idioma: en

The brain is made of, maybe
thousands of different kinds
of cells called neurons that
are built into very dense,
inter-mesh networks.
Each of these neurons computes
using electricity. The cycle
implements behavior, and
thought and emotion. All these
different kinds of things. We
also think that deficits in
these electrical computations
underlie many brain disorders
that affect over a billion people
around the world.
In optogenetics, what we're doing
is we're putting molecules, that
convert light into electricity,
into neurons - the cells of
the brain. Then when we shine
light on those neurons, light
gets converted to electricity
and allows us to turn on or off
those cells. The goal here is to
find a way to control the
electrical activity in some cells
and not others in the network.
To do that we had to turn to
the natural world. It turns out
that throughout all the kingdoms
of life - in plants, in funguses,
and bacteria and so on - you can
find photosynthetic or photo-
sensory molecules that convert
light into electricity. So we
borrow these molecules from
nature, and then using tricks
from the field of gene therapy
we can put them into neurons.
Now, these molecules can convert
light into electricity and they
do it just in the neurons that
we want to control. And not all
their neighbors. So we can
deliver these molecules to some
cells and not others and then
when shine light on that network
we can turn on or off that subset
of the cells. If we can turn on
and off a set of cells that's
embedded within within this
dense matrix, we can figure out
how do they contribute to a
behavior. For example, if we
can turn on a set of cells we
can figure out what kinds of
behaviors can it initiate. If we
can turn off a set of cells then
we can delete it momentarily,
and figure out what is necessary
for it. So by being able to dial
in information into cells in the
brain and to delete them we can
to figure out how they contribute
to networks and the behaviors
and diseases that arise from
brain computations. We can hunt
down the exact set of cells that
are contributing to a specific
disease state. Or, which, when
activated or shut down, will
remedy that disease state.
That's very important because
right now a lot of drugs are
developed that target molecules.
But molecules are found
throughout the brain. And, in
fact many cells in the brain
might be very molecularly similar
to one another. If we can target
circuits in the brain, we might
be able to develop much more
specific drugs. Imagine if we
could hunt down the exact set
cells in the brain that when
activated, remedy a brain disorder.
And then if we can go in and look
at the exact molecules in those
cells, maybe we can find drugs
that are much more specific
than existing ones. You might
also imagine that we can use
optogenetics to directly control
brain circuits in patients with
brain disorders. Electricity is
used to stimulate the brain
in deep brain stimulation, if
instead we can actually aim
light at certain cells and turn
them on or off, we might be
much more specific. Rather
than using electricity to turn
on or off the cells in the brain
and have many kinds of cells
activated - the ones we want as
well as their neighbors. If we
could make just one disease
associated subset, associate
with light and we can turn them
on or off we might be able to
treat them with much more
specificity.
So far optogenetics has had
a lot of impact in the scientific
world. But it hasn't been used
in any human patients yet. There
are a couple reasons why. One
is that it requires a gene
therapy to deliver the gene
that encodes for these light
activated molecules into the
body. Currently in the U.S.
there are no FDA approved gene
therapies. In Europe there's
just one. Another issue is that
these molecules come from
organisms like algae and bacteria.
And so if we are putting these
molecules into the body would
they be detected as foreign
agents and attacked by the
immune system, for example.
What we need is a paradigm shift
in how we think about treating
brain disorders. And one of our
major stances is that we need
new technologies if we really
want to either understand the
principles of treating brain
disorders, you know, hunting
down the exact cells in the
brain that could help us treat
brain disorders, or to develop
new modalities, new forms of
energy, new strategies for
treating brain disorders by
correcting the computations
within the brain.

---

### Explained: Photovoltaics
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Cam0uREgPI

Idioma: en

As probably most people know
theres a lot of energy that comes
out of the sun. Thousands, and
thousands, and thousands of
times more than we need. And
we know how to use the suns
energy in a number of ways. We
can try to convert it directly
into electricity and that way of
using the suns energy is called
solar photovoltaics or solar
cells for short. Solar cells are
materials that can take the
energy that comes in from the sun
in the form of photons, and
convert those photons and that
energy into a different kind of
energy which is electricity. So
its converting photons into
electrons.
You can think of it like the
electrons are being pushed up a
hill in a way. Think about water.
You pump water up a hill and
you let it roll back down. And
as it rolls back down you can
turn something, you can do work.
And if you keep it up there,
then it stores the energy for you
until you want it. Now a solar
cell doesn't store the energy,
so for that you need a battery.
But what a solar cell does is its
constantly pumping. It's
constantly pumping that water
up the hill and allowing it to
flow back down. And the important
thing is that the pump here is
the sun and the water is
electricity. It is electrons.
And so as that flows back down
from the energy that pumped it
from the suns energy, flows back
down, we can do work.
So first of all you have the
active layer semiconductor and
then that has to contact metal.
So you have, sort of, two metals
on two different sides of this
material. One of them is on the
side that the sun is shining
through so you'd like that to
either not take up a lot of
area or be transparent so that
it is not blocking the light from
the active layer. Now once
you go out from the active layer
and the metal contacts then you
have the packagings. And the way
that we do that mostly today is
with glass. So this active layer
material thats absorbing sunlight
if you look at this material from
the point of view from the
electron, what it looks like is
that there are all these energies
that I can sit at as an electron
in the material. And then there's
this big, sort of, gap where I
can't go anywhere in that gap.
And that top, before I get to
that gap, is called the valence
band. That's the highest energy
level I can be at in this material.
And then the next level up,
above this gap, is called the
conduction band. To be an
electron that can be taken out
of the material I have to make
my way into that conduction
band. How do I put it up there?
I give it a boost in energy that
makes it overcome that gap.
You can imagine that what that
means is that as a minimum the
energy from the sun that I have
to have to generate electricity
with this solar cell, is going
to be equal to that gap. That
gap is a fundamental property
of materials.
So the main limitation is cost.
On average, its around a factor
of five more expensive than say
the electricity you get from
natural gas. There's another
challenge and that's storage.
So if we wanted, say, up to ten
percent of the electricity in this
country to come from solar PV
we could do that. If we wanted
it to be more than that, then
we're going to need to figure out
a way to store that energy
efficiently, at that large of
a scale.
There's a lot of interest in
getting off of glass because if
you can get off of glass then
you can make lighter panels.
We may be able to embed solar
cells into other materials.
Like into the tiles on your roof,
for example. Even into fabric.
They have these transparent
solar cells. And because they
are transparent they're not that
efficient. You think, "Why would
I want a transparent not that
efficient solar cell?" Well, they
have a demonstration where you
put one of their solar cells on
top of an amazon kindle - you
basically can't tell that its
there - but the kindle never
needs to be plugged in again.
Even from just ambient light
from the room, thats enough to
basically keep it charged. I
think we need to get solar into
peoples hands and into people's
products so that they can see
that its actually not that
complicated and it can be very
useful and ultimately it can do
a lot of good for the world.

---

### Solving chromosomes' structure
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vB0MncRMp8s

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Moon's craters may overstate the intensity of early asteroid impacts
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cckOICHO6Kg

Idioma: en

From the massive craters on the
near side of the moon scientists
have assumed that the early solar
system experienced a barrage of
giant asteroid impacts during a
period called the Late Heavy
Bombardment about 4 billion
years ago. But according to
simulations by MIT researchers
moons' near side craters may not
represent the intensity of the
Late Heavy Bombardment. In fact
the size of such incoming
asteroids may have been over-
estimated for all these years.
A simulation of of an asteroid
impact on the moon's near side
shows the first 90 minutes after
the initial impact. The simulated
asteroid is 30 kilometers wide
and makes impact at 10 kilometers
per second creating a relatively
large crater on the nearside.
In contrast a simulation of the
impact on the moon's far side
by the same asteroid creates a
much smaller crater than on the
near side. The difference in
crater size is due to hotter
temperatures and a thinner crust
on the near side of the moon.
Conditions that make it easier
for relatively small asteroids
to make a bigger impact.
What does this all mean?
Researchers say that craters on
the far side of the moon may
give a more accurate picture of
the Late Heavy Bombardment.
Instead of a hail storm of giant
asteroids, much smaller asteroids
may have bombarded the early
solar system.

---

### TIM the Beaver: MIT's mascot since 1914
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kf4GP2-vSvQ

Idioma: en

On January 17th in 1914 the
Technology Club of New York had
a large event in New York City
and they invited, then president
Maclaurin as their guest. And it
was during that session there
was discussion about establishing
a mascot for MIT. At first there
were thoughts of about a kangaroo
and then an elephant for the
different virtues and personality
traits and qualities that those
animals brought. But then when
they referenced a book on animals
of North America they found that
the beaver best exemplified the
MIT spirit and the student of
the day. Specifically for its
engineering and mechanical skills.
So at that event, they presented
the president with two mounted
beavers and introduced the
proposal that the beaver be
established as the mascot which
the president at that meeting
accepted. And that was the
beginning of that relationship.
The whole idea of mascots actually
comes into popularity right about
the same time as MIT is founded.
In the mid nineteenth century
around the 1860s. The word
'mascot' itself is a French word
that means "lucky charm" and it
gets connected up with sports
teams a lot in the nineteenth
century. So it's not surprising
about the time that MIT is really
pulling together and the Alumni
Association is founded. It starts
to have athletic associations,
sports teams and student life
that some of the alumni began to
think MIT needs a mascot.
The beaver, nature's engineer,
industrious and nocturnal. Its
all the qualities that MIT
students at that time, MIT alumni
at that time possessed and
certainly they are recognizable
to us today.
In 1977 the first beaver costume
if you will, appeared on campus.
It was the 50th anniversary of
The Class of 1927 and they wanted
to celebrate the beavers roll,
and of course they had been
students in the early days when
the beaver had been identified
as the mascot. And it started
then to take off as a regular
element of activities around the
campus.
What you see behind me is if
not the first certainly one of
the early costumes of Tim the
Beaver. You see the oversized
head with the eye-windows, and
the bottom that is especially
fun because you can see this
suit that people would get in
and put on and it has a giant
beaver tail that hangs. . .
I always thought mascots were
pretty cool you know they just
bring happiness into peoples
lives and I wanted to be someone
who could do that. You just put
on the suit, you walk around,
give people high-fives, shake
their hands, give them hugs and
you pose for a lot of pictures.
Being Tim, there aren't many
rules to it. I think the main
rule is you can't talk but that's
why anyone who puts on the suit
can have their own little twist
to being Tim the Beaver. For me,
personally I just give a lot of
thumbs ups and shooting high-
fives. I sometimes do little
dances when the mood is dimming
down at the party. I just do a
little jig and people get right
back up to dancing.
I'm actually one of the shortest
Tim's that we have. The suits a
little big on me but it mostly
fits. There's actually a lot of
girls that are Tims, that people
don't realize. You usually
imagine its this big, tall guy
in the suit but really,
I'm a Tim.
Now Tim's an interesting name
in and of itself because there's
no official time, record or
meeting where that became the
name other than it just evolved.
And basically its MIT flipped
around. T-I-M. M-I-T.
I think everyone is very clear
in the first time they see Tim
he is a very welcoming figure.
He's fun, he looks like he's
having a good time, but not to
be misunderstood. He's a hard
worker and very much engaged
in what he's about.

---

### Small cubes that self-assemble
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6aZbJS6LZbs

Idioma: en

Our objective is to design self-
assembling and self-reconfiguring
robot systems. These are modular
robots with the ability of
changing their geometry according
to a task. And this is exciting
because a robot designed for a
single task has a fixed
architecture and that robot will
perform the single task well but
it will perform poorly on a
different task in a different
environment. If we do not know
ahead of time what the robot
will have to do and when it will
have to to it, it is better to
consider making modular robots
that can attain whatever shape
that is needed for the manip-
ulation, navigation or sensing
needs of the task. Up until now
most other modular robotic
systems use servos and motors
in order to have arms that and
attachments that move modules to
different places. However we
wanted a simpler approach that
uses fewer actuators, fewer
moving parts and was easier to
implement on a lot of different
robots. So the approach we chose
to use is angular momentum.
And essentially what that means
is there is a spinning mass that
spins inside the robot. If we
want that robot to move it stops
that spinning mass which takes
that motion from the mass and
applies it to the robot. And the
part of this that is unique is
that the spinning mass is
completely inside the robot and
so the robot doesn't have to be
in a certain position in order
for the force to be acted upon
the robot so this allows for
a lot more types of motion with
only one actuator.
So there were a couple challenges
when we came to design the
m-blocks, one, was fitting
everything inside. So we have a
relative small volume and we
needed to fit a brushless motor
controller, a flywheel, a
breaking mechanism, electronics
a radio and a battery.
Additionally we faced the
challenge of trying to simplify
and try and make the design as
robust as possible. So we didn't
want any external moving parts.
We didn't want latches, we
didn't want the cubes to change
their shape. We just wanted
simple blocks that were able to
move on their own. The magnet
system in the cubes is one of
its key features. We have face
magnets. There's eight face
magnets that provide some course
alignment and then there are
these edge magnets which are
free to rotate. And the key is
that when a cube starts rotating
the edge magnets actually get
close to one another. So if we
start from this configuration and
we break the face magnets free
and start rotating the edge
magnets actually get a little
bit closer due the fact that the
edge is slightly cut back and as
a result you form a very strong
bond between cubes which allows
them to stay attached as one is
rotating into a new position. It
continues rotating, the face
magnets provide alignment and
it snaps into place.
One other benefit of having an
internal actuator is that the
cubes are able to jump
and this is a capability that
very few robots have. Especially
very few modular robots because
in order to jump there's a
requirement for a very high
amount of energy in a very short
amount of time and most robots
are optimized for control,
stability and precise motion.
In our robot we found it kind of
as an accident that they are
able to jump, we weren't
intending to do that but it ends
up that we need enough momentum
inside each cube in order to
move on a lattice structure,
which is what we intended, that
we can also, when we apply as
much energy as possible, it can
jump through the air which is
pretty exciting because it also
allows robots to jump on top
of each other and go places that
they couldn't go if they were
only moving directly on the
structure. Currently we're
sending commands to the modules
with a radio. So we type commands
on our computer, those are
transferred over a wireless link
like your wifi system in your
house, and then the cube responds
to that. In the future we
envision putting the algorithms
on the modules themselves so
they can completely, autonomously
in a distributive fashion decide
how, when and where to move. So
we want to be able to take a
large group of cubes and tell
them form this shape, and give
those instructions at a very high
level and then have the cubes
decide, on their own, how to go
about accomplishing that task.

---

### Explained: Exoplanets
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnAXMhcPDiE

Idioma: en

An exoplanet is a planet except
that it goes around a different
star other than the sun.
The closest we have to an
official catalogue of exoplanets
has some seven or eight hundred
entries at the moment. On the
other hand one thing that these
surveys have taught us is that
the planets are very common.
Just about every star has a
planet of one sort or another if
you look hard enough.
In the third grade we all learned
some of the properties of the
solar system. The planets all go
around the sun in orbits that
are nearly circles. The orbits
are all lined up with one another
kind of like grooves on a record.
Well, we can find examples of
other stars where each of those
things is false.
Looking for the light from a
planet going around a star is
similar to the problem of looking
for a firefly buzzing around a
powerful search light from a
distance of a thousand miles
away. So the two techniques that
we have that have worked are a
little more indirect. They both
rely on tracking the star very
carefully and seeing evidence
that there's a planet going
around it. One of them relates
to eclipses. If the planets orbit
happens to take it right in front
of the star then during that
teeny, tiny eclipse we can record
the star getting slightly
fainter.
And the other way we find
planets is by tracking the motion
of the star. These little planets,
even though they're really low
mass compared to the other star
they still have a little bit of
an ability to push the star
slightly. So that technology
that we have available and the
big telescopes that we have
allow us to track the small
motions of the star and that
means that if there is something
pushing that star that has a
very low mass and thats how
we detect that there are planets
around it. And from how much
light is blocked we can infer
the size of the planet. And from
the radio velocity technique
we learn about the mass of the
planet relative to the mass of
the star and also something about
its inclination. So with respect
to our line of sight, where is
the orbit. And we can also learn
about the shape of of the orbit.
It would be very interesting to
know something about the
atmosphere's of exoplanets and
really the only way we have right
now is to rely on eclipses. When
the planet goes in front of the
star and blocks a little bit of
its light, some of that starlight
goes through the outer, thinner
part of the planets atmosphere
on its way to us. And so, the
constituents of that atmosphere,
the molecules and the atoms in
the atmosphere, will take away
some light at very specific wave-
lengths. And so when we compare
the spectrum of the star with no
planet in front of it to the
spectrum with a planet in front
of it we might be able to sense
those tiny differences and learn
about the atoms and molecules
in the planets atmosphere.
If you want to look at atmospheres
that is, of course, very exciting
because at one time in the future
it will allow us to learn about
biomarkers. Biomarkers are
molecules or atoms in the
atmosphere which would indicate
the possibility of life on these
planets. We are part of this
longer term quest to understand
whether there is life on other
planets. That will take a long
time and we're just beginning to
develop the technologies to
enable that. But the first step
in such a quest will be to find
the planets and understand them.
And thats what we're doing now.

---

### MIT students can fly (in reduced gravity)
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hvpp7Ado3nE

Idioma: en

NASA is really great about
having many, many programs that
students can participate in and
one of its programs is called
The Reduced Gravity Education
Flight Program. Of course we all
love the acronyms NASA has,
RGRFP. And within the umbrella
of reduced gravity programs that
NASA has is something called
SEED, systems engineering
educational discovery, and that
is program that we the team from
MIT participated in.
The whole goal behind this
particular project is that
there's an emphasis on systems
engineering. NASA has these
projects they want students to
work on and what we have to do
as a team, is to propose that we
are a good, cohesive team with
different skill sets and that we
can perform systems engineering.
So each of us can contribute in
different ways to make a
particular project successful.
And that's exactly what we did.
We put in a proposal defining
what systems engineering is,
giving a little resume for each
of us on the team and saying
these are the projects that we
would love to work on. And we
got chosen as one of six teams
that would participate in SEED
out of approximately thirty
applications. So Meera and I
were roommates at NASA Jet
Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
over the summer, last year. And
her friend had participated in
this program and she asked if
I'd like to start a team with
her. Right away my response
was, sure! An opportunity to fly
in microgravity, who wouldn't
take that! So we slowly started
deciding how we would want to form
this team, when we would start
and we collaborated with two mentors
from NASA Johnson Center to
design and test a model
artificial gravity vehicle.
So when astronauts go into space
one problem that they have is
that they are in a microgravity
environment all the time. They're
floating around in spacecrafts
without any gravity and this can
have some negative effects on the
body. You get bone loss and
muscle deterioration. And people
have tried several different
ways of mitigating this. What
our project aims to do is to
create artificial gravity for
humans so that they are still
in a 1g environment when they
go up in space.
This is a model of this proof
of concept spacecraft. It
operates on the fundamentals
of conservation of angular moment-
um. So what this is, is basically a
two foot long truss. On one end
are flywheels that operating on a
motor and on the other end is
this astronaut habitat.
So the way this spacecraft will
hopefully work is we have this
motor at the end with the fly-
wheels on it, we spin that up in
one direction. You can see the
direction with the arrow on the
top there. So this thing spins
in one direction and if this
thing starts out floating
completely still and you spin
these flywheels that will cause
the rest of the spacecraft to
spin in the opposite direction.
And hopefully what this does is
it induces an acceleration down
here where the astronauts are
living. If you tune the speed
that you spin this thing just
right you can actually create
1g of acceleration at this end
for the astronauts to live in.
So we wanted to see if this
concept would actually work and
whether the spin would be stable.
And we kind of needed to do this
in microgravity because we could
test this on the ground by
suspending it from a string
through the center of gravity
however the string, depending on
how the motors works and how it
spins, it could impart torques
and forces that would influence
the spinning of this model and it
wouldn't be exactly what we
would expect.
If you asked my teammates right
away they would tell you Henna
was nervous. I was definitely
a lot more nervous than the
others in terms of flying. When
it came to the thought of flying
in microgravity everyone was
excited, I was excited but at
the same time I was scared I was
going to vomit, scared I'd get
sick, scared I would not be able
to finish controlling the laptop,
because my job in microgravity
would be to control the commands
from our laptop to our
experiment.
I think everyone has a moment
in their childhood when they
say, "I want to be an astronaut."
It's one of the coolest careers
out there and not many people
get to do it. This is one step
closer to being an astronaut so
I mean who doesn't want to be
able to fly in microgravity and
just be in a completely different
environment than what you're
used to. It's completely exhilarating.
You can't really imagine what it
is going to feel like until you
started to lift up out of your
seat and suddenly your eyes knew
that you were right side up
inside the plane but your brain
suddenly couldn't tell which
direction was up. What happened
to me was my vision started to
swim and I was looking at my
mentor Tom and his face started
to stretch and it was a very,
very strange thing that happened
to my vision. You look around on
that first parabola and
everybody who was there for the
first time, their eyes were
really wide just trying to figure
out what was going on in their
brains because they couldn't see.
So that was definitely the
strangest thing about that first
parabola, and being weightless
for the first time.
The reason why I got involved
in this project is because
Meera's friend had told Meera
about it and Meera asked me if
I would like to get involved and
just like that, we want to take
our experiences to students
through Boston and Cambridge and
get them excited about the
opportunities that are out there.
A year ago I would never have
thought that I would get to fly
on the microgravity plane,
testing an experiment with so
many amazing students and
mentors. And having this
opportunity we've realized that
we have to make sure that
students know that the impossible
is actually possible.

---

### Keeping Mars rovers rolling
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=md1we6_Kaks

Idioma: en

The use of rovers to explore
the surface of Mars is
extremely relevant and helpful
for science purposes because
it gives us the unique
opportunity to be on the
surface of the planet, and being
able to do science on site.
Although science is the primary
purpose of the missions it's
still extremely important that
we are able to navigate in a
safe way. And when I say "safe"
I mean in a way that it is safe
for the instruments on the rover
and its safe for the rover
itself. In fact the one thing
that we want to avoid is for
the rover to get stuck because
in that scenario, basically we
lose the ability to sample
different areas of the planets
and will therefore limit our
science to a single location
which basically defies the
purpose of having a rover on the
surface of Mars. For this reason
we are studying the performance
of a single wheel in order to
understand how how this wheel
develops traction on the most
challenging terrains.
The experiments that we perform
in our lab are used to collect
data regarding torque and
sinkage that the wheel
experiences while driver on soft
terrain. We use this information
to calibrate our software, which
is called Artemis, in order to
simulate the drives of the rover.
Then we use this software to
simulate the drive on the surface
of Mars and we can use the
information coming back from the
real rover on Mars in order to
understand how well we did and
if we need to make any modifi-
cation to the model.
One of the worst things that
can happen is that you keep
going when actually you should
have stopped because sinkage is
a vicious affect. Once you start
sinking down, the more you try
to get out of the situation, the
more you usually end up sinking.
Fortunately we have all these
sensors on the rover that give
us the opportunity to monitor
the situation. Unfortunately
not in real time because there
is a time delay between Earth
and Mars. But, at the same time,
it is unique to have the
opportunity to have the data
coming back from Mars and being
able to analyze it and
essentially make sure that the
model that we are using to
simulate the drive, is realistic
and its actually working.

---

### Public Art at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiThFp2HA6o

Idioma: en

MIT really turned to the Visual
Arts after World War II when
they started a curricular Visual
Arts Program but also an interest
in bringing public art to the
MIT campus. And this is really
in many ways to address a press-
ing institutional concern that
would escalate as the Cold War
developed, which was how to
humanize scientists and engineers.
The first major public art
commission at MIT was 'The Great
Sail' by Alexander Calder from
1965. At the time, Caldor was a
leading American artist and is
today one of the best known
American sculptors of the 20th
Century.
Caldor came to MIT in 1963 for
a site visit and was very taken
by the sailboats on the Charles
River and really wanted to bring
that sense of lightness and play
into the campus. So you'll notice
that even though this sculpture,
The Great Sail, is forty feet
high and has 3500 pounds of
nuts and bolts alone, it really
has very few contact points with
the ground. And it really does
have this sense of lightness,
allowing people to pass under-
neath. It also has the important
function of creating this trans-
ition from the human scale to
the massive, gridded scale of
I.M. Pei's Green Building, behind
it, which is actually the tallest
building in Cambridge.
When you think of great public
art collections you think of
cities like Seattle, New York and
Paris. What's amazing about the
public art here on campus is
just that; it's on our campus.
Its open to the public and its
free for everyone to come and to
get inspired.
When I was in high school I
actually worked at a sculpture
park in the area and when I first
visited MIT I did notice there
was art everywhere. And I
actually thought for a long time
that all colleges had art every-
where, and it wasn't until later
that I realized how lucky I was
at MIT to have so much public
art on campus.
I think I didn't fully appreciate
it. You kind of just assume
that all top tier universities
are going to have arts programs
like the one that you went to,
but MIT is really, really special
I think. Especially the public
art is really, I think, one of
the best in the country if not
the world.
Public art at MIT loosely
operates in two modes. One, are
the more free-standing sculptures
that you'll see as you walk
around campus outside.
These are many of our older
pieces such as the Caldor or our
bronzes by Henry Moore.
The other mode of public art in
our collection can be thought of
as art as public space.
And these are really works that
are meant to be completed by the
visitor. In the sense that they
are to be experienced through
space and over time. And its
really the presence of the
visitor that completes the work
of art.
Now many of these works are
cited prominently in public but
we also have some wonderful
pieces that are more, somewhat
hidden gems. Such as our floor
by Sol LeWitt which is hidden
just off of the Infinite Corridor.
You know, you're walking through
these corridors of MIT and then
you turn the corner and you open
the door and you see this amazing
floor. There are catwalks every-
where and you can go upstairs.
You can see the floor from above
as well so there's all these
different vantage points to
enjoy the artwork.
When I was getting married our
photographers asked us, "Where
in Boston is special to you?"
Because my husband was actually
a postdoc at MIT as well, we
immediately thought of MIT and I
immediately though of some my
favorite public artworks. So we
ended up taking a bunch of
family photos at the Sol LeWitt
floor as well as at The Great Sail.
People are surprised that MIT
has such extensive public art
here on campus, but it makes
perfect sense in that to be an
engineer, physicist, chemist,
it takes creativity. And to have
such significant art around you
at all times, it promotes
creativity. So it makes perfect
sense that we have these major
pieces of art here on campus.

---

### Be our guest: The tour guides of MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5_asXAkSZw

Idioma: en

So we give tours to
approximately 41,000 people
every year.
Our busiest months are
months of July and August,
during which a lot of
families are visiting colleges
with prospective students.
In fact, over 90%
of our visitors
are prospective students
of MIT and their families.
And.
In this sense, the tours
for a lot of people
are, if not their first
impression of MIT,
one of their only
impressions of MIT.
So even if these
students do go on
to get admitted and
become students here,
it's oftentimes their
introduction to the school
and what it means to
be an MIT student.
And what it means to
go to school here.
And gives an idea
as to how important
the tours are for forming
people's outward impressions
of the school.
And also in terms of correcting
the popular misconceptions
and such that MIT is
often labeled with.
So, for example, when I was
looking at MIT as a school,
I pictured it as a
place where people
did science and
engineering all the time
and no one really had
any fun or even smiled.
And really nothing could
be farther from the truth.
So, in my tours, I really
like to show people
the MIT sense of humor and also
to talk a lot about student
life and show that
there's much more to MIT
than just academics.
So tour guides are a
self-selected group of people.
We don't actually
advertise for tour guides.
Pretty much all of our guides
became part of our group
by word of mouth from
other tour guides.
We have people from all
different departments,
all different
majors, people who do
all sorts of different kinds
of activities outside of class.
And what's cool is
that everyone who
does everything is incredibly
passionate about it.
And one role that we
have as tour guides
is to share our passions
with prospective students.
So I talk a lot
about my experience
on the wrestling team and
about how that's really
been such a great
thing for me to do,
in addition to my academics
and help balance that out.
But my fellow tour guides
will talk about theater,
they'll talk about arts,
they'll talk about music.
And I think that's
one thing that's
so great about having such a
diverse set of tour guides,
that we really represent all
the different range of interests
that students have
across the Institute.
So we can really give people
a well-rounded perspective.
Right now, we are
standing in Lobby 7.
This is actually where a
lot of our tours depart.
So this is actually one of
my favorite places at MIT.
And it's a place that
I really actually love
talking to people about
when I give my tours.
This is also normally where I
talk about the history of MIT.
Because this is where the
replica of the MIT seal is.
And also, this is where
the information office is.
So a lot of our tours will
definitely stop through here.
And I think this provides
a very good starting point
for a lot of tours.
It provides a good way
of dividing the campus
into two sides.
One side that's very residential
and the other side that's
completely academic.
All right, so if you
want to head this way,
the next stop on our tour is
going to be Killian Court.
So this is actually another one
of my favorite places at MIT.
And if you've ever
been on MIT's website
or if you've ever seen
a postcard of MIT,
you've probably seen this shot.
So one of my favorite
parts of the tour
is the ability to tell a few
stories about MIT's history,
whether they be about our
campus itself, or some
of our famous hacks,
or things like that.
I think it adds another
dimension to the tour,
and really gets the group
involved with the tour itself.
And it's not like you're
just pointing out landmarks
and giving out random trivia.
You're involving them in
a little piece of the MIT
experience.
So now we're going to go ahead
and talk about athletics.
This building right
next to me over here
is the Z Center, MIT's
main athletic facilities.
We actually have 33
different varsity sports,
which is the most
out of any division 3
institution in the country.
And we have everything from
field hockey and football
to water polo and fencing.
A lot of people think
that MIT is nerdy.
Or that everybody just
studies all the time
and doesn't do anything else.
And it's really great when I
can give a tour to somebody,
and I can watch them change
as I'm talking to them.
I watch their
self-confidence rise
as I tell them what I looked
like when I was in high school.
And I really think that one
of the best parts about being
a tour guide is that
you really get to change
the way people see MIT.
The one thing that's cool
about being a tour guide
is every single tour
you give, you're
going to be with a
different group of people.
And so you really get a
sense of the number of people
who are interested in MIT.
We can literally have 300
students signed up for one tour
and we'll fill up the
entire main lobby of MIT.
And we'll have 15
different tour guides there
and we'll have to divide
up all the groups of people
into different ones
and organize it.
And it can be a little bit
of a logistics challenge.
So it's kind of
fun, and it really
does give you a sense of
MIT's place in the world.
And just how lucky
we are to be here.

---

### The MIT Sailing Pavilion
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bONoGqSx2I

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
Sailing began here
at MIT in 1936.
MIT has the oldest college
boathouse in the US.
Called sailing
began here at MIT.
This is the birth place and the
first 10 national championships
were hosted here,
as the only sailing
facility in the US
for collegiate racing.
One of the coolest things
about the MIT sailing pavilion
is that we're able to
provide sailing opportunities
for a huge range of sailors.
Everybody from the
elite racer, who
wants to come down on Tuesday
nights and mix it up--
Red versus green.
Red versus green.
--to recreational
sailors, some of whom
never sailed before
they came to MIT
and they learned to sail
through our programs.
We also have wind surfing, we
are the varsity sailing team.
We teach PE classes to MIT
students for MIT credit.
So it's a pretty
neat range that we're
able to provide
for so many people.
I started sailing when I was in
junior high in really, really
small boats.
And so I continued
on into high school
and when I decided to go
to college, I figured well,
I wanted to continue
sailing there too,
because that was my life.
I sailed almost every day, over
weekends and I went to school
and that's really all I did.
So when I came to MIT,
I continued that sailing
in school and I was
really happy that we
had such a great program here.
The MIT Nautical Association
is the largest student group
on campus that encompasses all
of the programs that we have.
And it's free and open to
all MIT students, which
means that pretty
much anyone on campus
has the opportunity
to learn how to sail.
One of the real
gems of our program
is the volunteer involvement.
We have volunteers
that teach, learn
to sail lessons on Wednesday
nights and Sundays,
throughout the summer,
and those sailing lessons
are open and free to
anybody with an MIT ID.
So any member of
the MIT community
can come down here, take the
lessons, if they like doing it,
which a lot of people do,
they can get a sailing card.
And with a sailing
card, that allows
you to sail here noon to
sunset, seven days a week,
from April 1st to November 15.
Sailing has a particularly
unique fit here at MIT.
I think the activity
itself ties together
a lot of different
skills and philosophies
and, to a scientific
mind, I think
the idea of using the
forces, the physics,
of the wind and the
water, and the equipment
to propel yourself around
the river and the fact
that sailing is also
a very social sport.
So here at MIT where people
are working really hard
and in a very
challenging environment,
coming down to the
sailing pavilion
can really be that
recharge, even
if it's just for 45 minutes.
I think the best part is when
you've been out under water
for about an hour
and you're in drills,
you've been in for a
while, and then you
realize you haven't
thought about school
in a very long time.
So you start thinking about, OK,
what do I have to do tonight?
What [INAUDIBLE] do
I have to get done?
But you have that
time period where
you realize that nothing,
anything remotely school,
have you thought
about it, because you
deserve to do something fun.
And what's the best way to
have fun, is to go sailing.
And it's great too, because
with the recreational sailing,
anyone can do that.
You have a sailing
cad, you come down,
you forget about
all the hard stuff
that you had to
deal with that day,
and you could just relax,
go out on the water
and have fun with friends.

---

### MIT's Student Loan Art Program
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9gDRcDXK7w

Idioma: en

the student loan art program is a unique
opportunity for students here at mit to
actually borrow work
from our student loan collection that
they can take home with them for the
year
and hang in their dorm room or their
apartment
the student loan art program began by
the generous donation of catherine
stratton and the program officially
began in 1977
where students got to take real art to
their dorms
as a museum our main role is to put a
person in front of an art object so this
program does that beautifully
but it goes further in that the student
actually gets to be a collector and to
live with a piece of art for one year
i first heard about the student art
program
through my an email that was sent to my
dorm building
and some people from my building were
going so i just joined them
like my first choice was taken before
but i was just
excited to get art taken back to my dorm
room
the first time a student finds out about
the student loan art program they're
incredibly surprised because they
they're thinking
this is an engineering school not an art
school and
first time they participate they're
incredibly overwhelmed because we have
over
550 pieces of art and had to choose one
filling out a questionnaire to give us a
little bit of feedback about the program
no i don't mind at all
our class found out about the loan art
program
from an email that was sent out over
campus and
i think half a dozen of us came down and
filled out the lottery slips
and four out of the six of us wanted the
warhol painting
and i got it which was very exciting for
me but
not so exciting for them and it was
great because i've had this blank space
on a wall
in my apartment for about two years and
so for at least the past two semesters
it's been
filled by this neon colored warhol
painting
the process is basically in a nutshell
that every fall we hang an exhibition in
our galleries
right around the start of the year where
it's up for a few weeks students come
and they see all of the artwork
installed salon style in our galleries
and then they have
the opportunity to submit their lottery
choices
and after the exhibition closes we go
through all of those selections
about 500 students get work of their
choice
this is my 10th year on campus but first
time getting art i've heard about in the
past but
never actually got around to checking it
out but i'm glad i did
this year we wanted to decorate our lab
with art
so um we had a spare wall and so give us
my lab base to come over with me and
pull together and get our chances higher
to get a piece for it
mit is certainly all about pushing
boundaries and asking questions and i
think we at the list
try to do the same thing with our
exhibition program and with our
collections programs which the student
loan program is one of i think
it's the right place for a program like
this because it's not
it's not expected it's not typical it's
really
stepping out of the normal role of what
a museum collection is and pushing it to
a new and exciting level in a way that
the mit community can really engage with
it and live with it and
they connect with it in a way that
wouldn't otherwise be possible

---

### MIT's automated 'coach' helps with social interactions
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krdwB8bfXLQ

Idioma: en

When people talk to each other,
the majority of the information
thats conveyed comes from the
way we say things, rather than
the words we are actually saying.
Eye-contact, smiles, voice-
modulation, speaking rate, pauses
and emphasis on certain words
often add an extra layer of
information in our interactions.
Many of us want to improve these
interaction skills, but don't
have the resources to do so.
Imagine if you could practice
your interaction skills with an
automated system in the privacy
of your own living room. A
program designed at the MIT Media
Lab lets you do just that.
"Hi I am Mary. I'm looking
forward to doing your interview."
My Automated Conversation Coach,
consists of a 3-D character on
a computer screen that can see,
hear, and make its own decisions
based on its interactions with
a person. And it works on a
personal computer.
"Now, lets get started."
Using a webcam, the system can
analyze facial expressions. For
example, it can measure where
in the interaction you are
smiling, and can recognize your
head gestures such as a nod or
shake. The system also analyzes
your voice. It not only understands
what you say, but how you say it.
Using real-time, speech-
recognition and prosody analysis
it can capture the non-verbal
nuances of conversations and
display it in an intuitive format.
When you're done it gives you a
summary of the information:
When you smiled, how fast you
spoke, and so on. And it can
show how these measures change
over multiple sessions. It even
allows you to watch the video of
your interactions with various
measures of your behavior
displayed alongside the video.
Such as when you smile, how the
volume of your voice rises and
falls, and what words you
emphasize. It even shows when
your attention wanders.
"I can't find you."
"There you are."
"You were saying?"
In a study with 90 MIT under-
graduates, the subjects went
through simulated job interviews
before and after receiving this
training. Those who got the
feedback from this automated
system, were rated as better
candidates for the job than those
who did not.
Besides job interviews, the
researchers say this system could
help with public speaking, dating
learning languages, or helping
people who have difficulties in
social communications.

---

### MIT Glass Lab: Where art meets science
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayP_04cQseQ

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
The Glass Lab started in
1986, at least the Glass Lab
as we know it today.
That's when I started at MIT,
a professor in the Material
Science Department
approached me and said,
I have a lab in building
4, would you like it?
And, not knowing what was
in it, I just said yes.
And thinking that I was going
to turn it into a research lab.
But before I had a chance
to even visit the lab,
I was approached by two
students and a glass artist
from outside of MIT to
use the glass furnace
in the lab that had been there.
It hadn't been
used in many years,
but they wanted to
turn it on, and I
didn't know what
glassblowing was,
so I learned with great
difficulty how to blow glass.
And, at the same time,
I approached the School
of Engineering for funding
to do the renovation
in the laboratory to
turn it into a hot shop
That was at a time when
MIT was particularly
concerned about innovation
and teaching innovation
across the campus.
And the pitch
became, this is a way
that students can learn
to improvise together.
It's one of the few
craft arts that you
have to work in a team.
And one thing led to another.
We began teaching first an
IAP course, and then seminars.
And soon it became the most
oversubscribed class at MIT.
Yeah, so I heard about it at
the beginning of freshman year,
and I entered in the
lottery over IAP,
which is during January,
and I didn't get in.
But I really wanted
to take this class.
So I signed up for the
lottery again in the spring,
and I guess I was one of
the lucky few that got it.
This is such an
amazing opportunity.
I've been really
interested in glassblowing.
I knew that coming
here would be something
that I would want to do.
I definitely want to take
more classes in the future.
I want to take a couple
of more beginner classes,
and then maybe move on to
the intermediate level.
The Glass Lab is a place at MIT
where people can come and use
their hands to do things.
And it's one of the
few places where
you can go and build things
and learn about things that
are part of the curriculum in
some way, but learn about it
the way your hand
and body picks it up,
instead of strictly
intellectually.
We encourage a lot
cross-disciplinary play
in the lab.
That's the thing that-- where
the biggest amount of juice
comes out, in my experience,
when students make connections
between using the material
and things that they're
learning in other situations.
The Glass Lab draws people
from all over the Institute.
In fact, it's designed that way.
It's a non-credit activity.
We've always believed--
if we offer credit,
then only certain majors
will be able to take
advantage of that facility.
So we kept credit
out of the picture,
primarily because it's so
important for students at MIT
to meet people from other
places at the Institute.
And not only meet them,
but work with them.
[SIDE CONVERSATION]
An example of
something unique that's
come out of the Glass
Lab is the glass band
that's come out this past year.
[PLAYING GLASS FLUTE]
As a beginner in the
glass blowing program,
I think I was really excited
to get more involved.
And music was something that
was very important to me
at the time.
I'd been playing flute for
10 years at that point.
So I thought it'd be
really exciting to delve
into this project with them.
At the same time,
though, being MIT,
I felt like we could
push it toward something
a little bit more exciting.
So you can order a
glass flute online.
So I thought it would be
much more interesting if we'd
take advantage of the
creative environment
and start working with more
experimental designs, both kind
of experimenting with the
mechanics and the material
interaction with the
voice of the instruments.
It festered, or I
should say incubated
for a couple of years, and
then approaching and supporting
the musical partner
about the idea of,
what if we had this
cross-disciplinary class, where
we get people from
music department,
we get somebody who's interested
in composing or helping us put
sounds together so
that we could perform?
Let's find out what
kinds of sounds glass
makes, and make something
happen with that.
So that's how this got started.
But this was a student
inspired course,
if you really think about it.
It wasn't a faculty
member driving us.
It was a student driving us.
And that's the
kind of thing that
can happen in a facility
like the Glass Lab.
That's the reason why we
have these things at MIT.
Now over 25 years of doing
it, we've seen just the impact
that that's had on graduates.
They look back on the
Glass Lab experience at MIT
as some of the most
important activities
that they've done, primarily
because of who they met
and who they've worked with.
Most do not become glass artists
when they take this course.
But they have an
experience trying
to improvise with people of all
different types of backgrounds
and capabilities.
And that's good because
everybody's learning
as we do these courses.

---

### MIT in Mourning - Remembering Officer Sean Collier
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmOJGYbWpSw

Transcrição não disponível

---

### MIT Hobby Shop
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IC0J-boGils

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
[MACHINE SHOP NOISES]
The hobby shop started
when a group of students
got together and approached
Vannevar Bush, who was then
the vice president of MIT,
who agreed to give them
some space in the
basement of building two
to set up a shop where
they could pursue
their own interests.
Their hobbies.
They first just
collected old equipment
that was being thrown out
by MIT, and refurbished it,
got it working again,
and started working.
At first, it was
only for students,
and it was only for
hobby type work.
In fact, there was a
whole hobby philosophy
that they wrote about.
That you weren't a
well-rounded individual
unless you pursued
some outside interests,
seriously, which was your hobby.
I'm building a 3-D printer.
This is the first 3D
printer for the hobby shop.
It came as a kit, so I've been
spending the past few days
just putting it together, and
right now I'm wiring it up.
3D printing has been around
MIT for quite a few years now,
so this is just our
plunge into that.
And hopefully within
a few weeks we'll
be able to start teaching
how to 3-D print,
how to model for 3-D printing,
and how to design for that too.
So originally it
was a student club,
and it was for students only.
I don't really have
any facts on this,
but I can only imagine
that as students graduated,
they said, gee, I still
want to use this shop,
so I guess we're going
to let alumni in.
And so nowadays we allow faculty
staff, as well as alumni,
and students, to join
and use the shop.
We're quite unique in that
it's non departmental and open
to all departments' students.
Which I think is one of the
wonderful aspects of the shop.
And the fact that you can meet
faculty down here on a very
casual basis, and you're
all using the shop
with a common interest.
And so people show interest
in other-- and expertise
that we wouldn't otherwise
have come into the shop.
That's the great
part of being at MIT.
People have such a wide
range of knowledge,
and they like to share it.
It's really great.
You get to pass
on the knowledge,
and since everyone's
project is different,
it sort of challenges
us to stay on our toes.
I came to MIT in June, 2004.
And I did not discover
the hobby shop
until I was working
in EAPS, and I
had to make a camera
for the EAPS department.
And when I was working
with the camera
I got entrenched
more into doing work
that was related to
making the camera,
then analyzing the data.
And I found myself
at the hobby shop.
Just to make a plate that
was going to hold the CCD.
The beauty of it was
I had no idea how
to use any of these
machines, and I just
came in with an idea, like, I
need to do this out of metal.
And talking with Ken,
and everyone else here, I
learned how to use the lathe.
And then I got thrown to
mechanical engineering.
So I started in nuclear
engineering, changed
to mechanical engineering,
and a lot of it was due
because of this.
I enjoy making things,
and the hobby shop
has the great
atmosphere to come,
and you bring your
ideas to life.
From what I've read, the
evolution of the shop
was that MIT decided
that they were
going to hire a
professional shop master,
for safety reasons.
And that happened right
during World War II.
And I think, because there
was a shop master, slowly
the club aspect of it, and
being totally run by students,
got less and less.
When I came to MIT in 1968,
there was really no club left.
And I'm very, very excited
that a group of students
have restarted the club.
These are students
that have worked
in the shop for a
number of years,
have learned about the
history of the shop,
and also learning at a deeper
level about running a shop
and maintaining a shop.
Also, helping other students
by giving them instruction,
which is great.
We started the club--
the hobby shop club--
in order to actually learn how
to maintain machines, and use
them as well.
Also, in the club we
show younger students
how to do things,
because all of this
is exposure, and expertise,
and we're very much
hands on engineering.
If I'm coming in,
and I'm a beginner,
and I don't know
how to use a mill,
or I don't know
how to use a lathe,
but they do need to use
it, then all I have to do
is ask one of the
more senior members.
And say, hey, look can
you help me with this?
And a senior member should not
be so entrenched in their own
work that they cannot stop
and teach someone else.
And that's part of the
agreement that we made.
That no matter what
we're working on,
if someone else
needs help, we stop,
and we teach them how
to use the machine.
Because that's how
we learned, and we
want to pass on that ball.
The reason the shop has
been successful, and is now
and it's 75th
year, and thriving,
is because it just fits
with the type of student who
comes to MIT.
It's all about creating, and
that's when MIT students really
get excited.
These students want
to make things.
They have ideas,
but they want to see
these ideas come to reality.

---

### Nanowires can lift liquids without power
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=giXyKNDlXP4

Transcrição não disponível

---

### OrigaMIT: MIT's Origami Club
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-2Tt4g5Dw0

Idioma: en

MIT's origami club which we call OrigaMIT, is a student
run organization where folders can come from the
surrounding area and the entire MIT community is welcome
to come and just learn to fold something new or try
something they've already done before; come in and show
something off. I first saw origami in fourth grade and from
then on I was just infatuated with it and I always wanted to
learn how to transform paper into cool objects. When I
came to MIT I found out there was this club for it, and it
was amazing coming to it and learning everyones advanced
skill levels and things like that.
So origami is basically ancient Japanese art of paper
folding. Ori stands for folding, and gami the word it comes
from means paper. It's been practiced for hundreds of
years and keeps getting more advanced and more
geometrically complicated.
I made a hercules beetle that was so complicated it has
six legs body pinchers and lots of things and one sheet of
paper.
A lot of young kids do come into our club and all of them
have varying degrees of experience. Some of them are
beginners, just learning how to fold cranes and other simple
models, but some of them are really ambitious and they
in to try and learn how to design their own origami.
I've been doing origami since I was five.
We try to help those who are still learning how to fold
and those who are interested in origami design we talk to
them a bit and really encourage them.
A lot of people are intimidated by OrigaMIT. They think that
because we're all MIT students that everything is super
advanced and we use all this math to fold stuff, when really
anyone can do it.
I think its because MIT students like to challenge
themselves. Anything that someone else has done before
they feel like they can do it too.
That was my first attempt but I couldn't get it together so I
made a larger one and then went back and put that one
together, once I understood how everything went together.
Normally when you give people diagrams when they get to
a part that they need help with they'll ask for help, but MIT
students they like to just keep at it, by themselves, just keep
working on it. It's like, "OK I can get this, I can do this
myself." I highly encourage anyone, even if you've never
folded before to just stop by because you might find out
how much you love it and keep coming back.

---

### MIT-developed coating could prevent frost buildup
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TNLPVP0B6E

Transcrição não disponível

---

### MIT teaches robots to adapt
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJg9YcO1lfc

Idioma: en

Traditional robots work in very constrained and specific
environments right now, and what I'm trying to do with
this research is have the robot think about different ways
it can fail before it even starts doing something and then
adjust its environment to cope with those failures.
So for example when you're trying to place an object that
tips over very easily because it's got a very small base, or
it is very tall, you want to be able to use your other hand
to help you place the object. Our algorithm can identify the
fact that this tower, that we see here, will tip over and use
the other hand to help guide dropping that tower. So you
can imagine any robot that's working in a household
environment needs to be able to deal with objects that are
weirdly shaped, or that it has grasped weirdly. And how my
algorithm might be useful, is that you can now reliably place
these objects instead of having a failure.

---

### Imaging Zebrafish at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-YTwlCUzWM

Transcrição não disponível

---

### MIT's Laboratory for Chocolate Science
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6oyV5Gj3ng

Idioma: en

We don't want to waste chocolate so anything that we don't
put in the freezer and isn't ready to be rolled into truffles,
we'll have to finish it. So that's what we're trying to do right
now. I'm Jayson Lynch the current President for the
Laboratory for Chocolate Science. Here we are in our office.
Behind me are 600 pounds of chocolate that we just
ordered from Guittard. We use this chocolate to run almost
all of our events. From chocolate tastings to finals hot
chocolate; truffle making classes. We're an MIT student
We're a group of chocolate enthusiasts. We love to eat
chocolate, experiment with chocolate, learn about the
science, history and politics of chocolate. Everyone who
cares about chocolate finds their way here for one reason
or another. So LCS was actually an accident. I found this
random place online that was willing to sell me 50 pounds of
chocolate for $1.50 a pound and I didn't have any idea what
I would do with it but I couldn't really pass up that sort of
deal so I purchased 50 pounds of chocolate, showed up at
Senior House and said, "What am I going to do with it?"
So I invited all of my friends over, got a couple gallons of
cream and said to bring whatever is in your pantries;
alcohol and extracts and spices etc.. We got 50 pounds of
chocolate who cares if we mess up, we'll try it and see what
happens, and it was fun. So that was the truffle party. And it
was so much fun that we did it again a couple months later,
and the third time that we did this I started having random
people coming up to me in my dorm saying, "I don't know
you but this looks like fun, can I come?" And I said, "Sure,"
and then somebody said, "Why isn't this a club?" and I said,
"That's a good question, I'll go fill out some paperwork."
And that's how LCS actually got started. So that's the first
one going in and then we're going to work on the second
batch. Perfect. A lot of people find cooking a little scary,
chocolate a little scary, high-end chocolate things like
truffles they seem very imposing they are things you pay
a lot of money for and you get the classic set of flavors.
So part of the point of LCS is to break down that wall of
imposing ooooh culinary, high end excitement and turn it
into something that was approachable to students; that
people could try out and basically make their own.
OK I'm making one with wasabi, garlic powder and banana
extract. Cinnamon and red pepper flakes. Bacon and
allspice. Love of chocolate really cuts across a lot of other
interests. So you have a lot of different majors and really
people from all kinds of backgrounds who come and they
like doing chocolate. And it's been really nice to have that
kind of cross-connection. There are people here who are
interested in the science of chocolate, the economics of
chocolate; all sorts different things. Our former President
Anna Walden Brown, spent two summers in Ecuador
studying the impact of the chocolate industry on the soil
conditions there. Another one of our members was more
interested in the economics of chocolate and spent some
time studying the world trade in chocolate and how that
impacted international markets. Probably the thing that has
caused me most to go, "Oh my gosh I started something
and it actually matters to people." I was talking to somebody
about six months ago who said he was talking to an
undergrad the other day and discovered that now a sign
that you're a real MIT graduate is that you know how to
make truffles. Who would have thought of that ten years
ago. It's cool, it's a life skill and it's tasty.
You want to put some sprinkles on this one? Sure.
I'll admit I never expected it to still be here ten years later.
It was kind of a joke at the time, even our constitution is
humorous. We have a non-discrimination clause in it: We're
not allowed to discriminate based on a preference for dark,
milk, or white chocolate. And that was about the attitude I
had going in and creating this club, is that this is here,
because what the heck, it'll be a fun thing for a couple of
terms. And it's still going because the people who've joined
and the people who've taken it. The whole point of this club
is just to give you the confidence to go do cool things.

---

### MIT's Annual Cardboard Boat Regatta
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvjjFhyZZps

Idioma: en

The Head of the Zesiger is a cardboard boat regatta
in which three students put together a boat. They can
actually have as many boat builders as they like, but
they need to be in the cardboard boat, paddling during
the actual competition. The real challenge each year is
the fact that the race course changes so there are different
challenges. And so, when designing the boats there's a
different theme and focus in mind.
I was terrified on Thursday because we were like only
halfway through, a bit more really, but we didn't yet have
the hull so that was a bit of an issue. But we got a lot of
people to help the last two days so we able to finish it and
paint it, and, well, we're going to win.
My freshman year was the first year I competed and my
brother, he went to MIT as well, he's two years ahead of me
so when I got here as a freshman my brother Brian was
like, "Oh man, there's this cardboard boat race and I've
always wanted to do it but I could never get a team
together." I'm a mechanical engineering so it sounded like
a really good challenge mostly because everything you do
you have to innovate. There isn't any set way to do this sort
of thing. It's not like, you know, everybody that builds a
Formula 1 ® car, well people build Formula 1® cars and
there's a way to do it, so you do it. But a cardboard boat
you have to completely come up with how it's going to work
on the stop, every time. The difference between most
cardboard boat regattas is the students actually design it
ahead of time. They don't design it day of. Most schools
that offer this type of competition will give the supplies and
they have one hour to put some duct tape together, use
some styrofoam and different formats. This is purely based
on cardboard, paper tape and paint, that's it. They're not
allowed to use duct tape. They're not allowed to use
styrofoam or anything that has natural buoyancy to it. So
we went into this with a little bit more of a challenge then
you'll see at most schools. I think MIT students just like to
problem solve things and this is a really good opportunity to
try it out. Some people have tried it, maybe in High School
or something, but MIT really takes almost everything to the
next level when we do this sort of thing. A good fraction of
the students are young students, in the first couple of years.
Maybe some who haven't declared. Others are graduate
students so they're pretty far down the road. The goal of
building a cardboard boat to navigate a course in water,
however appeals to all of them, many of the core disciplines
of mechanical engineering happen to be well represented.
If you just look at our core classes: mechanics of materials,
well there's the cardboard and the strength of beams.
There's the dynamics, when the boat go unstable with
people trying to control it and the steering. And then there's
fluid part, both in the efficiency of the hull and in the use
of paddles and other propulsion devices. And these are
very broad themes across the school of engineering and
science as well. So they bring in their boats and they line
them up next to the pool. They are judged before they go
in the water for of course infractions, that's bad, but then
we're looking for the style, the spirit, the quality of the
design, and these are all things you look at and you make
an assessment on paper. Now that's a minor fraction of the
score. Most of the score and what determines the winner,
will really be success of the mission. And I think that's in line
with the way an engineer has to think. We can analyze and
make things beautiful, but it's got to get the job done and
it's got to finish the course in order to take the big points.
I just like to try new things and even if they don't work out
it's fine, it's the trying that's the fun part not necessarily
the winning or having the fastest, most efficient boat. And
it's really good to look at your calculations and then see that
it all works out in the end. That's one of the best parts.
When you can go from a computer to actual, physical boat
that is just like you imagined it; that's one of the most
rewarding parts for me. During the actual event we will have
boat-handlers on deck to help the participants get onto or
into their boats by holding the boat steady as they get in.
Throughout the entire competition they need to have all
three of their participants in the boat during their paddle
session. If any of their participants fall out, then they've got
to get back into the boat somehow before they can
advance. Not very many succeed actually, quite a large
fraction of these boats will sink. And I think if they were all
successful the students wouldn't enjoy it quite as much.
I think one of the best sinkings that I've seen was last year,
I believe it was. There was one boat and they got maybe
15 feet out on the course and it started sinking. And they
didn't try and panic or anything they just had one guy stand
up and play an imaginary violin while the boat sank into the
ocean. It's a lot of fun even if you don't have a solid boat.
Being able to design an event that the students could do
each year and each year it's a little more difficult is
something that we wanted the students to be able to have
here on campus, but also to open it up to other universities.
So the future of the Head of the Zesiger is definitely a bright
future, and I can definitely see a lot of different colleges
coming onboard to compete year after year. Hopefully we'll
have a good turn out from other schools in the future.

---

### Water-repellent surfaces that last
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rW2TGIxKWmY

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Stopping a leak the way blood does
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_p9EdIezrMA

Idioma: en

We've been interested in understand what is called,
"self-healing materials." Self-healing materials are materials
which actually mend themselves even when they get
broken. For example if we had these kinds of materials in
pipes, when there is a leak it will naturally mend that leak
and plug it. The reason why we went to blood in this case
is because that is a perfect example of a system in which
you get self-healing. Basically we're bleeding all the time
and our organism is self-healing its vessels continuously.
The focus of this work has been on the first stages of blood-
clotting, which by the way occurs even in the absence of a
lesion; cells can die and in that case they open a little
wound, or just normal stresses that you have in your body
will actually cause little places to not seal perfectly. And in
that case you need this cascade to start rolling in and plug
the leak. There's two principle components that are very
important in the first stages of clotting, that are actually
the focus of the work we are presenting here. And they
are a polymer which is a long chain, it's a really long chain
and you need this really long polymer because if you don't
you have a disease. [This polymer] is called von Willebrand
factor. The other key ingredient is something that looks
spherical, but you can think of an object that is about
one-hundredth the size of a hair and is called a platelet.
A platelet is a cell and you have quite a bit of them in your
blood. So, the idea is that these two objects start to interact
with each other and the way they start to interact is
regulated by the flow. So essentially von Willebrand factor
can be thought of as this scotch tape. Under normal
conditions it basically doesn't stick to anything, but
suddenly due to flow and some chemical activations, it
will actually stretch. And from the moment it's stretched
you have many parts of this molecule, which is basically
like spaghetti, that can actually stick to other things. It can
stick to the surface and it can also stick to, let's say platelets
that I'm going to think about as my hand. So it [the tape]
can stick here and because I'm in the flow this will roll
around and make a very strong binding. Now you can
repeat that if this is very long it can actually stick to one and
then stick to others and it will start to, what we call, linking
platelets. So that will be the starting point of this aggregate
that just keeps on growing and growing. And that big
aggregate is what we call the plug. We're very interested in
this plug formation, meaning the formation of this aggregate
of platelets and von Willebrand factor and the reason is
because it behaves in a very counter-intuitive way. Most
things tend to break when you have high flows. This
actually forms in high flows; basically the strong the flow
you put on it, the more propensity it has for aggregating.
This is very counter-intuitive, but it's very interesting from
the standpoint of self-healing materials. One of the cool
surprises that we found in this work is that the aggregation
phenomena was universal. What does that mean? It means
that if we think about a few parameters in the system we
could basically describe the behavior of it in terms of one
universal parameter that depended on them, and this allows
us to essentially move across multiple different physical
systems because we can now tell you what's going to
in all of them. We can tell you, for example, when
some system is going to dissolve or when some system is
going to aggregate, regardless if we're talking biological
systems or a synthetic system because it all comes down to
those parameters that come into the universal features of
the system. This could be very important when we're trying
to create materials at the molecular level and controlling
their molecular structure in a very precise way.

---

### Jumping water droplets improve power-plant efficiency
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qv1sUHnaGVI

Idioma: en

The efficiency of most industrial plants depends crucially
on water vapor condensing on metal plates, or condensers,
and how easily the condensed water can fall away allowing
for more droplets to form. Typically on a flat-plate
condenser water vapor quickly condenses to form a thin
liquid film on the surface reducing the condensers ability
to collect more water and ultimately acting as a barrier to
heat-transfer. By creating hydrophobic surfaces, either
through chemical treatment or surface patterning,
researchers have been able to prevent this problem by
encourage water droplets to form and fall away. Now a
team of MIT researchers have taken this process a step
further by making surfaces that are patterned at multiple
scales. A group from MIT's mechanical engineering
department found that the energy released as tiny droplets
of water merged to from larger ones is enough to propel
the droplets upward from the surface. The removal of
droplets doesn't depend solely on gravity, droplets don't
just fall from the surface, they actually jump away from it.
Using this information their new process produces a surface
that resembles a bed of tiny, pointed leaves sticking up from
the surface. These nanoscale points minimize contact
between the droplets and the surface, making the release
easier. After the leaf-like pattern is created a hydrophobic
coating is applied using a solution that bonds itself to the
patterned surface without significantly altering its shape.
This patterning can be made on a film that can be applied
to a variety of surfaces including the copper tubes and
plates commonly used in commercial power plants. This
technology could also be useful for other processes where
heat-transfer is important, such as in dehumidifiers and for
heating and cooling systems in buildings.

---

### Artificial muscles at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXujS-Nr7o0

Idioma: en

MIT researchers at the David H. Koch Institute for
Integrative Cancer Research have developed a new
material that changes its shape after absorbing water
vapor. This material is made from an inter-locking network
of two different polymers. One forms a hard but flexible
matrix that provides structural support, while the other is a
soft gel that swells when it absorbs water. Together these
polymers create a material that converts water vapor to
energy without the use of an external energy source. When
the 20 micrometer thick film is exposed to moisture the
bottom layer absorbs the evaporated water forcing the film
to curl away from the surface. Once the bottom of the film is
exposed to the air it quickly releases the moisture causing
it to somersault forward and start to curl up once more.
Researchers were surprised to discover not only does it
need a very small amount of vapor, but it also
demonstrated a large amount of strength. Using only water
vapor as an energy source the film can lift a load of silver
wires ten times its own weight. Harnessing this
continuous motion could drive artificial robotic muscles
or generate enough electricity to power small electronics.

---

### MIT gives back to the community
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xl7ZpH4MrVo

Idioma: en

So visions of sugar plums
were dancing in my head
when I suddenly said,
there's more to be done.
Part of working
at MIT provides us
with the opportunity to not
just think about ourselves,
but to think of the
greater community
in the city of Cambridge.
Toys for Tickets is a program
that we run every year
during the holidays.
It allows people to bring
their MIT parking violations in
and pay for them with a toy.
People have to bring in a
toy of equal or greater value
than the ticket.
So they bring a toy in
and bring the receipt in,
and we forgive the ticket.
It works very well, and it's
very well-received by the MIT
community.
All of our toys go
to the Salvation Army
in Central Square,
because they are
the only facility
that has a childcare
for homeless children.
I personally have gone up
to the childcare center,
and to see the little
children just breaks my heart.
And the opportunity for
us to be able to help
them and the many other people
in the city of Cambridge
with this opportunity just--
it fills my heart with joy.
Every year, the Faculty
Club and MIT Sloan Dining
put together a
gingerbread house.
And we donate it to
various charities.
This year, we're donating
it to the Salvation Army.
They have a homeless
daycare center,
and this is where this will go.
Usually about a month
and a half prior
to the gingerbread
house being displayed,
together with me and my
assistants, and Tanya here,
we discuss what kind
of theme we think
would be appropriate
for people to enjoy,
something that would
be fun to create.
Yup.
We passed it down
to Sloan's building.
Eric's opening the new building,
so they asked us to do that.
For the past three
years, we were
able to just kind
of collaborate.
Farm-- I mean, we're
in New England.
It's appropriate for
Christmas, with sleigh rides.
Every year we like to donate
that to various charities.
We have a lot of fun doing it.
We also partner with MIT police
for a toy and clothing drive.
And what's great
is that we're going
to bring the toys
and the clothing
and the gingerbread land
all at the same time,
so that it will make
a really big impact.
So Fill a Cruiser-- another
one of these ideas that
just came to me.
I publicized it
for the first time.
I'm going to take an
actual MIT police cruiser.
We're going to have it parked
in two different locations.
We're asking people to
please bring by brand-new
hats, gloves, socks,
warm blankets--
you know, a variety of things
for the older clientele,
teenagers and adults,
men and women.
We always seem to think
of-- when it comes to toys,
it's only for children,
young children.
We have this whole group
of teenagers and our older
population that
we seem to forget.
So this is our opportunity
again to take some new clothes
and to provide it to those that
are less fortunate than us.
Happy holidays!
Happy holidays!
So I just this second
received an e-mail
regarding Fill a Cruiser
and Toys for Tickets.
It says, "I just wanted to say
what wonderful ideas these are.
Kudos to the MIT police."
it's not the MIT police.
It is the community that makes
a difference in these things.
Thanks.

---

### The Tech Model Railroad Club of MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STVdCJaG0bY

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
[TRAIN CROSSING BELLS]
[TRACKS RATTLING]
It was founded in 1947.
The Tech Model Railroad Club--
or "Tuh-merk", as we call it--
started, for the first 50 years
of its life, in Building 20,
which was a place they called
"the magical incubator".
It was basically
built for the war,
as a temporary war building.
So it was wooden.
It was the kind of thing that
no one really cared about.
Which was great,
because it meant
that all of these students
could move in and do things
to that building that
they couldn't really
do to any other
Institute buildings.
If you cut a hole in the
floor-- who cared, right?
So the Institute was
very willing to let
students do unauthorized things
in Building 20, basically.
So the Tech Model Railroad
Club got its start
in that culture of--
well, we can do anything.
Many years ago, when there
were more members to the club,
we used to have work
sessions, essentially
every night of the week.
And we'd have very formal
business meetings on Saturdays.
Now we very rarely
have formal meetings.
Mostly we have work sessions.
And everybody has their
own little projects,
their favorite things to do.
And they generally
do those things.
[SOFT RATTLING]
I really like the way you
have to think about scale.
Especially when it comes to
modeling natural objects.
It's really amazing that you
can get a piece of a branch
to look like a full tree.
And it's all a question
of context and scale.
It's a question of
how you position it.
A lot of the things here
that are vines, and bushes,
and grass, and brush, are really
pieces of much larger types
of foliage.
And it's amazing
how well that works.
And you have to adjust
your thinking a little bit.
And think about,
how can this shape
work at a very small scale?
Like most model railroads,
we supply power to the train
through the rails.
So the rails are metal,
and they're electrically
conductive.
But that is where we break apart
from traditional model trains.
So traditionally, you'd
get your little Lionel set
under the Christmas tree.
You'd put together all
of this pre-made rail,
and you'd put together
a big oval or something.
You'd put your train on it,
you'd turn the throttle,
and it would just go.
And that works great when
you have 10 feet of track
and you have one train.
We don't have 10 feet of track.
We have miles and
miles of track.
And we have successfully run
10 or 15 trains at a time.
We have what we call System 3.
This is the third generation
of control system for TMRC.
It's totally built from the
ground up by MIT students.
It operates very similar
to real railroads,
and especially
similar to subways.
And basically,
the idea is, there
are sections of
track called blocks.
And every time you hit
the end of a block,
we just cut the
rails, and there's
a little gap in the rails.
And basically, each
block is a unit of train.
So there can be a
train on the block,
or there can't be a
train on the block.
And basically, what we
do is, we have a bunch
of complicated electronics
that can provide power
to this block.
And say I know this
train is moving
along the rails
in that direction.
Then we put power
on the next block.
And then, we
actually have sensors
that we built that can say, is
there a train on this block?
And if there is, we can follow
this train around the layout.
So we know exactly
where trains are.
We can give them names.
We can track them as
they're moving around.
Before I came to
graduate school,
I was living in a little
town in California,
which was a beach town.
And there were train tracks
that came along the pier.
People would be at the
beach, surfing, doing
all kinds of things.
And the train would come by, and
everybody would stop and look.
And it's amazing.
It's like, you're at the beach.
You're doing all
these amazing things.
But the train still
fascinates people, you know?
It's this piece of engineering.
It's part of a system.
It's like a system made visible.
There are little jokes.
Like, Pessim Steel
here-- the title
says, the Allen Pessim Company.
Well, there was a fellow named
Larry Allen who was always very
pessimistic about everything.
So that's where the Allen
Pessim Steel comes from.
[GENTLE RATTLING]
Modeling things has been
around since forever.
Since the beginning of,
I think, human thinking,
people have been making
models of things.
So it's part of a long,
long tradition of that.
But it's also part of MIT's
history in a very special way.
[TRAIN CROSSING BELLS]

---

### (Tiny) Reconfigurable Robots at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQf0qsRTsoA

Idioma: en

So, imagine you had a bag of programmable matter,
by which I mean, engineered modules that cooperate with
each other to form shapes.
You could reach in and pull out some object you needed,
like a wrench or a coffee cup,
And then when you were done with it, you could put it
back into the bag, and it would break apart and its modules
would be available to form the next object that you needed.
So, biology provides the inspiration that this is, in fact, possible.
This is a simulation by my colleague Jonathan Bachrach,
showing a mechanical protein folding itself into several objects.
This is a chain of engineered modules, and each module
has a motor that can exert a force on its joint.
By setting the angle on each joint, it's possible to fold the representation of any shape.
Although, in practice I think you'd want to have lots of these chains
working together, just like biology does it.
We had a grant from DARPA to build a prototype of this,
and the grant had a requirement that the modules be smaller
than one cubic centimeter. And, because we wanted to
make a lot of these modules, we wanted the modules to be
cheap and simple, and so we decided to not use gearing,
just to have the motor directly drive each axis.
We looked, but we couldn't find any off-the-shelf motors
that were small enough, and could exert enough continuous force,
without burning themselves out.
So we invented a new type of motor, which we call
an electropermanent motor.
This motor works by using coils to remagnetize its permanent magnets
all the way around their hysteresis loops on every step.
What this means is, when you remove power, the device holds its position,
and it can exert its maximum force with very low average power input.
Once we had the motor working, we designed the rest of
the mechanical protein. It's basically a chain of motor rotors and stators,
the rotating part and the stationary parts — interlocked together,
with a flexible circuit wrapped around it for power and control.
We had to learn watchmaking techniques to build the prototypes, which was fun.
So, here's a video, probably taken at about 2am, of the
first module turning in a pair of scissors on my desk.
You'll see the coiled portion of the flexible circuit coiling and uncoiling
to connect the module to its neighbor; it took us a while to get that right.
And then once we had one module working we made four more;
here is a chain forming shapes.  It starts out as a line, and then it forms:
a left handed helix
a right handed helix
a periscope
and an L-shape.
Every module gets its instructions to turn left, right, or straight;
that's like the DNA code for the shape,
and then the motors fold the chain up into the shape.
The motors are strong enough to lift one other segment, which is OK, it works,
but to have performance on par with geared systems,
we'd like to be able to lift 2-3 other modules,
which we think we can get to with a lighter structure and with better materials.
Still, as far as we know this is the highest resolution
chain-type programmable matter system built to date.
We started this project with a vision of programmable matter,
but we ended up inventing a motor that can hold its position without power.
We're still working on programmable matter, of course,
but working with our industrial partners, we've discovered
that there are a lot of applications for such a small, low-power motor,
in aerospace and medical applications, and so we're working with them now
to push this technology out into the world.

---

### Spider silk makes music at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hyAe3uMwQY

Idioma: en

So spider silk is one of the strongest materials known.
And in fact its strength is about that or even larger than
the strength of steel. It's a fascinating biological material
to study because spider silk is a material that is
essentially 100 percent, almost 100 percent, composed
from proteins. And proteins typically are weak materials
but spider silk is a prototype material in nature that has
the strength of steel but it's made from these very simple
and actually weak building blocks. If we in engineering are
trying to make materials that are as strong as steel, we
typically use very strong chemical bonds, and that means
we typically need a lot of energy to form these bonds.
Now the spider does not do that. The spider eats protein,
digests the protein, and essentially uses a liquid solution
of that protein and spins a fiber; and that fiber is as strong
as steel. So spider silk is a system in which we can actually
make a material with exceptional strength but using only
weak bonds. And what that means is we don't need
high-temperature, high-energy processing to make the
materials. In the early days we'd use analogies to explain
how materials like silk become so strong. And it's really
not because the proteins are very strong but it's really
because of the way these proteins are connected and the
way they form patterns. And we realized that it also can
be applied to other things; and that includes language,
art, many different forms of art, and music. So we're trying
to see if there are unconventional approaches to designing
things. Just think about any kind of popular melody, it's
enough to have a few tones and you play them and you
realize it's that piece of music, but if you play individual
tones or just have the instrument it doesn't mean anything.
So it's really the combination and the control and structure
in space and time. Then we went in and said, alright now if
we can show this, we should also be able to create our
own music to reflect certain materials. Of course the
composer wouldn't know about proteins so we actually
told him about two building blocks, or two entities, 'A' and 'B'
and we described a sequence. We described what they do
to one another once you mix them. So we basically
informed him in a very abstract sense using this
mathematical model how these systems behave, and he
then took this information and made music. (Music playing)
(Music playing)
When we listen to the music we can actually recognize
differences. The music that sounds more harsh reflects
the protein that has more of the 'A' building block. The 'A'
building block is a building block that forms very strong
interactions with one another. The 'B's are weakly-
interacting and they actually don't like to form organized
structures. The 'B's like to form disorganized structures.
The sequence that has more 'B', some 'A' but more 'B',
is reflected in the music by something more gentle.
(Music playing)
You can see a smoother, more friendly, gentle musical
piece, and the resulting network that you see once to look
at the fiber structures in detail, that it's a very well
connected network. So you can see that the 'A's still make
connections and they form these cross-links between the
chains, however there is enough freedom for these chains
to actually connect to other protein chains and thereby
form a good fiber. By doing this experiment, by creating
the music, we now know that these features are the ones
that reflect a better fiber - a better silk fiber. What we can
then do is we can ask the composer to emphasize on these.
So can he now create a new piece of music with the same
basic building blocks but playing on these theme, and
essentially emphasizing the features that we now know
make a better fiber. And the question is, can he actually
come up with a design that we wouldn't come up with.

---

### Understanding Arctic Sea Ice at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce1INgtypWk

Idioma: en

Satellites have been observing Arctic sea ice cover
since the late 1970s, and over the last few decades
the Arctic has undergone drastic changes.
These observations document a continued decline of sea ice,
with a record minimum summer extent reached in 2007,
and again this year in 2012.
Surface air temperatures in the Arctic have increased much more
than the increase observed in the global mean,
a phenomenon called 'polar amplification,' and a
phenomenon that's projected by climate models.
Yet, climate model projections still show a very large spread
in terms of simulated Arctic ice cover over the next 100 years.
At MIT, our goal is to improve the representation of sea ice,
and the underlying ocean, in model simulations,
and to develop methods to combine these model simulations
with available observations of Arctic sea ice cover,
to then produce a best possible estimate of the state of the Arctic,
its evolution today, and its potential evolution in the future.
This animation is an observation-constrained model simulation,
looking at effective ice thickness in the Arctic, and
the simulation goes between 1992 and 2009.
So, we're looking at the North Pole here, and an ocean that
is enclosed on the one side by Siberia; on the other side by Canada and Greenland.
This part of the world gets very cold in the winter, and
sea ice forms as the ocean surface freezes and ice forms on top of it.
As you follow the animation, a couple of striking things stand out:
we see an increase and decrease in Arctic ice cover from season to season.
In late winter, most of the Arctic is covered with sea ice,
and with the arrival of spring, the ice cover shrinks,
until it reaches a minimum extent, which is usually sometime in September.
At that point, larger parts of the Eastern Arctic,
for example the Siberian shelf, are ice free.
At the same time, thick ice piles up against the coast
of Canada and Greenland, something that you see here in red.
All ice that survives the melt season is called perennial, or multi-year ice,
and this ice can survive for more than 5 years in the Arctic.
However, observations show that over the last few decades,
Arctic sea ice has been getting younger, and thinner.
In addition to melting, another important process in the loss
of Arctic sea ice is its drift.
Ice is moved around along with the wind and ocean currents.
As the ice flows, it converges, it will deform and pile up into ridges,
that can be easily seen as sails above the sea surface,
and extensive keels below the sea surface.
There is evidence that sea ice in the Arctic has become overall weaker,
which means it more easily deforms, more easily opens up gaps
within the ice pack, called leads, and it more easily drifts.
In 1893, Fritof Nansen undertook a drift aboard the Fram,
following evidence of an Arctic Ocean current known as the Transpolar Drift.
Nansen froze his ship into the ice, and waited for the drift
to carry her towards the North Pole. The drift took about 3 years.
In 2006, the European sailboat 'Tara' repeated this drift
across the Arctic within the ice pack.
It look just over one year, this time, to complete this drift.
The reason for the shorter drift is likely a combination of
changed ocean currents in response to changed atmospheric circulation,
and a weaker more deformable ice pack that drifts more swiftly.
As we go forward, we need to improve our understanding of
processes in the Arctic, processes governing sea ice fluctuations
and sea ice change.
We need to improve their representation in models that we use for,
for example, projecting how sea ice in the Arctic will develop in the future.
We also need to improve our observational capabilities
so as to validate our models, and to obtain a really good
estimate of what the Arctic is doing today, in order to then
forecast what the Arctic is doing in the future.
These forecasts will undoubtably be used, for example,
for economic planning, for resource exploration in the Arctic,
and given the very delicate environment of the Arctic,
the resource exploration needs to be done with a very good understanding
of the potential risks involved.
All of this requires very good understanding,
good models, and very good observations.

---

### Spinning fibers at the nanoscale at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWGPW1tS38U

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
Electro spinning is the process
of using high electric fields
to draw very fine
fibers from a liquid.
Electro spun fibers, only a
couple nanometers in diameter,
have a wide range
of possible uses,
but the cost of producing
them has limited them
to very few high-end
applications.
A team of MIT researchers
has developed a new way
to generate nanofibers
using hardware
built through standard chip
manufacturing processes.
In their prototype,
the researchers
crammed 25 emitters into
a square centimeter,
boosting nano fiber
production rates,
while reducing
power consumption.
Chip manufacturing
techniques make
it possible to
carefully engineer
the texture of the emitters
so that they suck up
and expel the liquid
in a steady stream,
combining textures that
inhibit and promote
the spread of liquid yields
a chip that will quickly
disperse a single drop of
fluid deposited at its center.
Control over the
amount of liquid
and the speed and
shape of its dispersal
is crucial to the efficient
production of nanofibers.

---

### Happy Thanksgiving from MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEsmXLXM81Y

Idioma: en

My name's Thomas Moriarty — Tommy Moriarty.
I'm a junior here, in Ocean Engineering,
and I'm from Lexington, Massachusetts, so like, a 20 minute drive.
My name is Beth, I'm a sophomore here, in Course 1-C.
I'm from Tucson, Arizona.
I'm Robin Carleton. I'm the administrative officer
in Music and Theater Arts, in the School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences.
I've been here for thirteen years.
I'm Carinne Johnson; I'm a junior here; I'm Course 6;
and I'm from California.
My name is Felix DeLeon, I have been part of the MIT family for 2 years;
I'm part of the Facilities Department.
I'm actually the Assistant Manager for Custodial Services.
I'm Brian; I'm a senior; I'm from Poughkeepsie, New York.
I'm Francisco Vargas; I'm a member of the class of 2015;
and I'm from San Juan, Puerto Rico.
So, I haven't really been planning on going home
very much for Thanksgiving — last year I went with a friend
to Connecticut, and that was a lot of fun.
But this year, I want to stay in Boston, and hopefully
gather up a few friends, and go volunteer at a few places.
So, I'm in the a cappella group the MIT Logarhythms,
and we sometimes go on tour during the Thanksgiving holidays,
but this Thanksgiving I'm really excited to actually just go home,
and get some food with the family.
Usually for Thanksgiving, it's harder for me to get home,
just because I'm so far away, so this year,
I'm actually going with one of my friends to New York.
I'm actually going back home, to Puerto Rico,
and yeah, it's gonna be a lot of fun.
Actually, over there we don't — sometimes we eat turkey,
but, sometimes we eat pernil, which is like this pork dish.
Here at MIT, it's kind of like, uh...
a soup.
It's like tastes from all over the world.
I'm baking the turkey, my daughter's doing the stuffing,
my brother's doing the vegetables, and my sister's doing all of the pies.
I'm actually—ok, so, until recently—I know this sounds a bit weird, but,
I didn't like turkey.
Ah, I love stuffing.
I love stuffing.
I love the very, very processed cranberry sauce.
I love the absolutely processed, no-longer-cranberry cranberry sauce,
I love it.
My favorite Thanksgiving food is pernil, rice, and a little bit of beans on the top.
I always like a mix.
At home, we have a big Thanksgiving tradition.
My mom will cook these yeast rolls that everyone loves,
and that's probably my favorite part,
and then we all try to get the first piece of pumpkin pie.
The thing that I'm most thankful for is actually all the
close friends that I have here at MIT, especially in this post-election week.
I'm just so, so thankful for having all these incredible friends,
who have such different opinions, but yet we're all able
to kind of come together, share ideas, collaborate,
and make MIT what it really is: just a place where people
have fun and make awesome things.
I'm actually—I'm thankful, actually, for being here in Boston,
by the way, because I'm originally from New York City,
it was kind of hectic, but now it's kind of calm, you just walk,
there's quiet, but there's also a feeling of a city as well,
so I'm actually thankful to be part of Boston, and actually
the MIT family as well.
I'm really thankful that I have such a big family that cares about me.
My mom always sends me care packages, and I'm actually
lucky to have my sister here at MIT, she's a Sloan student,
and so I'm really thankful every year to have her around campus,
because it's nice to have family even when you're away from home.
I guess we don't really sit down and exactly talk about
what we are thankful for, but it's more of an implied,
it's wonderful to be able to just be here.

---

### Harnessing the Wind at MIT: Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAFzfwdmhyo

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
[HIGH-PITCHED TONE]
[WIND BLOWING]
We're working to
[INAUDIBLE] this wind tunnel
on an experiment that's testing
ducted wind turbine power
output, and specific
trailing edge
devices that will increase the
power output of a ducted wind
turbine.
We're looking to see if these
trailing edge devices are going
to something that
can be feasibly used
on full-scale ducted
wind turbines.
Just because the
issue with wind energy
is that at the
current moment you're
not able to produce
enough power for it
to become a feasible
energy option,
so you have to look
at ways to increase
the efficiency of
the wind turbine
to increase the power output.
The Wright brothers' wind tunnel
was built over 75 years ago.
In fact, it was
inaugurated in 1938
and it was built to
meet the growing need
to test faster and
larger aircraft
that were being designed
and produced at that time.
If we go back historically,
the first tunnel, in fact
the first building
in the MIT campus,
was a wind tunnel that was
built by Jerome Hunsaker.
And that was actually a tunnel
that was used here in Cambridge
for a number of years, together
with other smaller tunnels
that were built.
So the wind tunnel is
powered by an electric drive.
It's 2,000 horse power.
It has a six blade, 13-foot
diameter variable pitch fan.
It's what's called a
variable density tunnel.
It's the only one of its
kind in the country that's
not owned by NASA.
Originally the tunnel was
capable of 400 miles an hour.
It didn't achieve
that for very long.
It produced so much
noise, I'm told.
I'd never heard it.
But in the fourth speed,
which is the highest
speed it can go, at
400 miles an hour,
it could be heard all the
way to Beacon Hill from here,
which is a couple of miles, a
couple of miles east of here.
So it must have
been quite noisy.
One of the interesting
little facts of the tunnel
is that the door is actually
the door off a submarine.
The company that built the
original shelf for the tunnel
was ship builders,
local ship builders.
And when they found out
that we needed a pressure
door for the
tunnel, they decided
to just use a standard
submarine pressure door.
So when I first
came here in 1990,
there was a heavy emphasis on
architectural aerodynamics.
Frank Durgin, my
predecessor, was
one of the real
pioneers in that area.
And they were doing a lot
of different buildings,
and that was kind of
interesting to do.
It was something that
I had never seen done.
I think of wind tunnels as being
sort of aircraft design-type
devices, and the
architectural side
was rather interesting to see.
I first took over the wind
tunnel in July of 1969.
And looking at
the room now, it's
fabulous because there was
no room to hardly sit down
in the test room, and
the office next door
was so full of filing
cabinets and old models
that there was no
place to put a desk,
or for anybody to sit down.
You've got to have
somebody over here who's
only responsibility
is the wind tunnel,
and who cares to keep
it looking like this,
and to know where all
of the odd things are.
If you don't do that,
the students come in
and they just don't
understand that you
have to worry about the
history, as well as what's
going on at the present moment.
And this is the test
section of the tunnel.
The test section is 7 and
1/2 feet tall, 10 feet wide,
15 feet long.
And the flow comes from this
direction down, that way.
This is actually the smallest
part of the wind tunnel.
The tunnel gets progressively
larger as you go around.
Tunnel kind of looks like
a donut lying on its side.
And the air continually
circulates around.
Primarily the tunnel
is a student tunnel.
The students of
first call on it.
If an undergraduate
needs the tunnel
for any particular
undergraduate purpose,
they can literally
take the tunnel away
from the NASA guys, or
the commercial guys.
Everybody kind of
understands that.
The rule is that the
students have first call.
Oh, but all what one
can see that the use
has changed significantly
from its original intent.
And one of the things
that has been common
throughout the years
is that in addition
to being used for
research and to advance
the state of knowledge, it has
always been used for education.
And, in fact, education is
nowadays its primary use.
That the tunnel has
become an iconic landmark.
When we had the 150th
MIT celebration,
the tunnel was one of the
most visited attractions.
Literally thousands of people
went through the tunnel
and were able to realize its
history and the important role
that it has played for the
department and, in many ways,
for the nation and for MIT.
[WIND BLOWING]

---

### The Listening Room - MIT's Music Program
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCHVmWETEQI

Idioma: en

[Music playing]
I meet people and I tell them what I do,
and they often act very surprised and they say something
like, "Really, MIT has Music? I didn't know that!"
And I always figure that that means that they've never
actually been onto our campus, because if you walk
around the Infinite Corridor or Building 4, there's just
music spilling out of the classrooms; there's students
playing music everywhere; you hear choirs singing,
a cappella groups, string quartets, orchestras, jazz bands...
The Listening Room is a website where you can go to sample
a great variety of the various types of music making
that's already going on on campus: compositions by
faculty composers, performances by student ensembles, etc.
There are 4,000 undergraduates at MIT, and this term,
of those 4,000 undergraduates, 1,800 are taking a course
in either Music or Theater.
There's sometimes a stereotype about what an MIT student is like,
and in my experience it's completely misleading, because
the MIT students that I know might be amazing
computer programmers or budding engineers, but actually
really want to play the violin, really want to play
the guitar, and can do that very well.
[sound of rhythmic clapping]
My name is Patty Tang, and I'm an ethnomusicologist
here at MIT; I've been teaching here since 2001,
and my specialty is Senegalese music.
[drums playing]
Rambax began as an extracurricular activity
when I first came to teach at MIT in 2001,
and over time it's grown to be a huge ensemble,
with between 35 and 40 students per semester.
They're working with Lamine Touré, who's a master
drummer from Senegal, and the students are not just
learning drumming, but they're also learning about
Senegalese culture, and its a sort of entire cultural experience
that comes along with learning to play an instrument.
The track from Rambax that is available
on The Listening Room is a piece called 'Tuus.'
'Tuus' is a traditional Senegalese rhythm that
goes back for many, many centuries. It's a rhythm
that was traditionally played for kings and nobles, or
anyone important that was entering an arena or a room.
And 'Tuus' is something that is still played to this day,
for the entry of an important person.
[piano music]
The piece of mine that's available in The Listening Room
is 'Diamond Watch.'
About a year and a half ago, I had a chance to write
a piece for an important occasion here at MIT, which was
the retirement of one of our most distinguished professors,
Peter Diamond, in Economics.
One of the things that everyone knows about Peter Diamond
is that he's a gigantic baseball fan.
To me, there's really only one piece of music that's
associated integrally with baseball to everybody, and that's
'Take Me Out To The Ballgame.'
So I made a piece for two pianos, and I think the tune is
pretty clear, even though I never state it, and it becomes
more and more clear as the piece goes along.
I love occasional pieces.
And one of the things I get to do around MIT occasionally
is write occasional pieces.
I wrote a piece to go on the walls of our Music Library;
I wrote a piece for the inauguration of our new President Rafael Reif.
When I'm asked to do, or have the chance to do a piece
that a lot of my colleagues and students and so forth
in the community will hear, it makes me very happy.
We're thrilled that the 2012-2013 academic year is the
50th anniversary of the history of formal jazz study at MIT.
You'll find three types of works represented on the Listening Room site:
one involves standard jazz compositions by our major composers:
Monk, Ellington, Mingus...
[voice says 'Thank you very much' and music begins]
And the other stream involves original compositions by
our current students — these might be arrangements of
standard tunes, or more often they're original compositions themselves.
The other category also involves original compositions,
but from outside composers — some of the finest
composers writing for jazz today.
In Spring of 1963, Herb Pomeroy, legendary trumpeter,
educator, and band leader, was brought to MIT at the request
of the students and the head of the Music Department
at that time, Klaus Liepmann, to come and take over the
existing Jazz Ensemble that was at MIT —
student-led at that time.
And within a short period of time, Herb Pomeroy's leadership,
and magnificent musicianship, turned the program
completely around, and that was in the Spring of 1963, and
in honor of that achievement, in the Spring of 2013,
we are having a major celebration.
We've tried to design our courses in our program
around the MIT model of 'learning by doing,'
so: music making.
Music is design, music is form, music is structure,
music is beauty, music is elegance.
And these are all things that are important to any kind
of design you do, whether it's music or otherwise.
So, by doing music, they're literally thinking outside of
the box; they're leaving what their main focus is, and
they're using a different part of their mind,
a different part of their body, and a different part of their being,
to think about the same issues: what makes something
beautiful, what makes something have coherence,
what makes something have meaning or shape?
Then they go back to coding or industrial design,
and they think about it in a slightly different way.

---

### Felice Frankel on Visualizing Strategies
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAFjfacIvfU

Idioma: en

I think one of the serious problems we have
in why kids or adults
are not engaged in science and engineering is—
I really believe it has a lot to do with the way
we as researchers express our ideas and our research.
It's so incredibly beautiful, it's so visual most of the time,
yet we're not using the visuals in a way
that I think is accessible.
And that's one of the reasons why Angela DePace and I
wrote this book—not only to bring in the whole notion
of designing your stuff to communicate, but that
in fact, while you're thinking of how to represent your work
and clarify it for the viewer, you are in fact also
clarifying it for yourself.
So for example, this spread that we have in the chapter
on form and structure: I mean, what we did was have
what we're calling 'befores and afters.' So, on one side
of the spread you have the image as it appeared
in the journal, and this example is something called
a quantum corral, where Don Eigler and his colleagues
literally were able to place on a substrate a corral of atoms.
Now, you understand of course that what
we're seeing here is a colored representation.
Angela and I talked about the fact that what is also
very important besides the corral itself are, in fact,
the quantum effects going on within the corral.
So we're suggesting: get rid of the color.
Now, we're not saying this is the only way to do it,
but what we're trying to do it push the researchers
and students to rethink, for example, color.
And that grayscale can, in fact, be clearer.
So on the grayscale image, you are seeing the atoms, true,
but you're also seeing the quantum effects in an equal way.
And once again, we think it's a good idea, and we're trying
to suggest to the researchers to just go beyond
the accepted way that they generally do things.

---

### Deflecting an asteroid, with paintballs
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auSr_aO_gRo

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Neuron imaging at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZjTbz_RyENM

Idioma: en

[Narrator] To preform any kind of brain function neurons
must communicate with one another through electrical
signals. Those signals require a production of calcium which
neuroscientists can image to study how the brain acts and
reacts to the outside world.
[Guoping Feng] In our brain we have billions of neurons.
They form precise patterns of connections and they
communicate precisely with one another. This precise
connection and communication allow us to precisely sense
the outside world and also allow us to respond to the
outside world properly.
[Narrator] Until now researchers have been unable to use
calcium imaging with specific cells in isolation. A team
at MIT has created a new system of imaging that can be
targeted to specific cell types.
[Guoping Feng] So in general when you have a brain and
you look at it you wouldn't see anything. This is a brain
slice actually, but you wouldn't see anything. So this
technique allows whenever the neuron fires it will show a
green fluorescence. The way this technology works is by
genetically engineering the neurons; let them express a
protein which is sensitive to neuronal activity. So that's
how we can see the neurons firing. So this green
florescence will allow us to monitor different patterns of
neuronal activity, how behaviors trigger the neurons to have
very unique patterns, and especially will allow us to use
animal models to study the abnormal patterns in neuronal
activity in psychiatric disorders.
[Narrator] This system can provide new insight into the
origins of diseases such as autism and obsessive
compulsive disorder.

---

### Seeing the light with MIT's Christoph Reinhart
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unGphe9hziA

Idioma: en

What we've done is basically do a building-by-building
analysis of all 17,000 rooftops in Cambridge.
We teamed up with the City of Cambridge, and we
developed a solar map of Cambridge.
So what a solar map is — it's an online tool where
people can Google an address and then it shows
the potential of generating electricity from a photovoltaic
system, same as the photovoltaic system that you see here,
on the rooftop of that building.
You see your rooftop from above, and then you see
an assessment of which parts of your roof are particularly
good for photovoltaic, and then you actually see a little
financial breakdown, of how much a system like this
would cost you if you were to install it on the best parts
of your roof; how many revenues you would get from that;
what the payback times are.
The purpose of this really is to bring our research out
into society, and help people make decisions, and help them
understand how much better the finances of photovoltaics
have become in recent years, with the prices
of photovoltaics falling the way that they have.
Originally I was trained as a physicist actually, in Germany,
and worked a lot in solar cells, at the time; and then
at one point, I realized that a lot of the decisions that lead
to energy efficiency in buildings are actually made
by architects.
I joined MIT half a year ago, and I'm having really a great
time here. The special thing about MIT is really that first of all,
we have a group of people in building technology working
together, and so we are able to cover really a larger array
of topics and work together on the big challenges of our time.
So, traditionally I've really worked on concepts at
the individual building level—and really recently,
we started to expand our efforts, and instead of just looking
at one building at a time, we decided we wanted to look at
modeling and understanding the performance of whole cities,
so we have a number of projects going on trying to model
both existing cities as well as new cities, being involved
in the design process, how can we put buildings together
in a way to help each other to save energy.

---

### Drawing carbon nanotubes on paper at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWTrZxt4j50

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
My name is Katherine
Mirica and my research
focuses on making gas sensors
from carbon nanotubes.
These sensors might
ultimately find applications
in the food industry, health
care, and homeland security.
A carbon nanotube is
a tube-shaped molecule
made up of carbon atoms.
It is one to 10
nanometers in diameter,
which is 50,000 times
thinner than a human hair
and about a billion
times thinner
than this model of
a carbon nanotube.
Carbon nanotubes are
chemically related
to the main
component in the lead
of a pencil, which is graphite.
Graphite is composed of
flat sheets of carbon atoms.
If you take one of
these flat sheets
and roll it up
into a cylinder you
get the structure of
a carbon nanotube.
You can view the nanotube
as a very conductive, hollow
molecular wire.
Because all the
atoms of the nanotube
are on its surface,
when something else,
like a molecule, interacts
with that surface
it can have a very large
effect on the flow of current
through the nanotube.
And this type of sensitivity is
very useful for making sensors.
Are approach for
overcoming the challenges
of working with carbon nanotubes
relies on a solvent-free method
that is essentially similar to
drawing with pencil on paper.
Instead of using a
graphite-based lead,
like a regular pencil, we
make our own lead that's
composed of carbon nanotubes.
To make our pencil lead we take
a commercial powder of carbon
nanotubes and compress
it into the shape
of a lead using a press.
To make the sensors
we take a piece
of standard copy paper and
deposit gold electrodes
onto its surface.
These electrodes help us measure
the electrical current running
through the carbon nanotubes.
We then take our
pencil lead and draw
our carbon nanotubes-based
sensor between the electrodes.
And that's it.
We've just made a sensor
that's capable of sensing
ammonia gas at low part
per million concentrations.
Sensing ammonia is
important because it's
a toxic gas that's sometimes
used in refrigeration and food
processing applications.

---

### In Profile: MIT's Catherine Tucker
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjnmjJ1K6Dg

Idioma: en

Back in 2007, I was lucky enough to find myself
pregnant with twins, and it was a real joy,
but in some ways it was also a real terror,
because the pregnancy turned very difficult quite quickly
in that we discovered that our twins were suffering from
something that they call Twin to Twin Transfusion Syndrome,
which is fatal in 90% of cases if untreated.
Now, because I'm an MIT professor and I'd read
all the research papers, I knew that what we needed to do
was get ourselves to Florida where the person
who pioneered some new surgery techniques was practicing.
But one of the things I found was that though they had
some electronic medical records, in Boston, with all
the things they needed to know about how the fetuses
were developing, which showed clearly that one twin was
getting far too much blood, the other twin wasn't getting
enough blood, and would allow them to document it,
there was absolutely no way of moving these medical
records to Florida.
It made me realize that these kind of technologies that
I'd been studying purely from a sort of academic
point of view, actually could have a huge impact on various
health care outcomes that we actually really care about,
such as whether or not babies in the womb, who perhaps
are having a difficult pregnancy, live or die.
And this actually motivated me to take the research
which we'd been doing—which was about privacy and
technology diffusion, and saying well, if there's privacy
regulation and these technologies don't diffuse that well,
well how does it matter—how does it actually affect
something we really care about?
So that was an unusual intersection between
an MIT professor's typical kind of technology-focused
research, and my happiness, my personal life, things
that bring me great joy in my life.

---

### Automatic building mapping at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SY7rScDd5h8

Idioma: en

Here at the Computer Science
and Artificial Intelligence
Laboratory at MIT, we've
developed a nonportable mapping
system which enables exploration
in GPS [? in all these ?]
buildings and indoor
areas, allowing the user
to build maps in real time as
they explore their environment.
The device worn by the user
contains onboard processing
in a backpack, a Kinect depth
sensor, an inertial sensor,
and a ranging LIDAR,
or laser rangefinder.
As the user explores,
his motion is
determined using incremental
LIDAR scan matching.
The LIDAR sweeps a laser beam
around in a 270 degree arc,
and measures the time it takes
for the light pulses to return.
Reprojecting the
LIDAR scans produces
this continually expanding map.
However, motion
drift will gradually
cause errors in the map.
Errors can be rejected when the
user returns to a location that
has been previously observed.
In addition, it is important
that these scans be
corrected for the user's gauge.
This is done using
the inertial sensor.
The entire process is real time.
All the necessary
computation is carried out
on the explorer's backpack.
Meanwhile, the camera
system collects
snapshots which you can
see in the bottom right.
It's these images
that uses to detect
a previously visited location.
During larger excursions,
significant drift can occur.
These can visibly
corrupt the map.
For example, obscuring doorways
or explore unexplored areas.
When a previously visited
location is determined,
map smoothing can resolve
this inconsistency.
Using a clicker, the user
can inject tags into the map,
labeling important or
interesting locations.
In the future, we hope to
annotate the map with higher
level information, such
as spoken directions
or detected signage.
What you don't see in this
video is that the device also
supports multi-floor mapping
by detecting operation
in staircases and elevators,
using the inertial sensor
and a barometer.
These maps can be transmitted
wirelessly in real time
back to a remote bay station.
The goal of this project is to
enable situational awareness
by the user or an
external commander
in search and rescue operations.

---

### Getting (drugs) under your skin
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmxtVgZ3RWc

Idioma: en

The efficient and reproducible delivery of drugs
to and through the skin has been a goal of researchers
for a long time.
The skin as an area for delivery is attractive because of
its ease of access and prevalence.
Currently, most drugs are given using a hypodermic needle,
because they cannot pass through the outermost layer
of the skin, which acts as a barrier.
That's where our technology comes in:
we've developed a device that can painlessly and safely
remove the top layer of the skin.
I know that sounds a little scary, but it's not.
After pre-treatment with our device, a patient can place
a patch over the pre-treated area with the necessary drug,
and receive the required dose of that drug.
Better yet, this treatment is totally reversible, and the skin
regrows its top layer only a few hours later.
Our device works using ultrasound.
As you can see here, ultrasound causes small bubbles
to form in the solution; under the influence of the
ultrasonic waves, these bubbles grow in size and eventually
become unstable. At this point, they implode and the
surrounding fluid rushes into that space, creating
a jet of fluid which removes the top layer of the skin.
Because these jets do not penetrate deep within the skin,
however, there's no pain associated with this treatment.

---

### Chris Zegras - Transportation at MIT & around the world
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUDH6RWiNnc

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
I remember one time at a
conference on air quality
in Latin America, someone asking
me about how I got around.
They found out what I did.
And they said, well
how do you move around?
I said well, I
mostly ride my bike,
and they say, well I
thought you study transport.
And I said, that's
why I ride my bike.
Because I came to the
conclusion, well before
I ever studied this thing
that, jeez, riding a bike sure
is an easy way to get around.
I always say that, when we
think about transportation,
we should be thinking about
what we're ultimately getting.
Mobility is a throughput.
It's not the end goal.
I mean, if you want to
think of a bad analogy,
it's we don't want money,
we want what money gets us.
We don't want movement,
we don't want transport,
we want what transport
gets us, accessibility.
--good jobs, good
schools, able to see
our friends, able to
develop ourselves,
completely as people.
How do we enhance accessibility?
We have billions of
people on the planet who
don't have access to
daily wants and needs,
much less grand desires.
And the mobility system
has to play a role in that.
And so, that's a
fundamental challenge,
how do we ensure mobility
systems can enable development?
But how do we do
it in a way that
does not crush the carrying
capacity of the planet?
Almost everywhere
you see this idea
that people grab as much
mobility as they can,
given their constraints.
And you see this
in places as varied
as Singapore, as Beijing, as
Boston, Santiago, Mexico City,
and so on.
And so, clearly they're
very different places.
But in some sense,
they all end up
facing some fundamental
problem, which
is balancing the
individual freedom
with the need for performing
in the greatest public good.
That is a sign, from what
were affectionately known
in Santiago, as the Micros,
which were one of the-- they
were buses essentially, it
was the Santiago bus system,
before it was transformed
via Transantiago,
into a, in a big
bang, so to speak--
into a new system, an integrated
system, integrated fare system,
integrated with the metro.
Very polemic, and still ongoing,
but that is the bus system
prior to Transantiago.
When I first moved
to Santiago-- In 1990
in fact, that was what
really started fascinate
me is, how this system that
appeared so chaotic, still
functioned.
Well teaching at MIT is
great, you're basically
in a room with the
best and the brightest,
and so you have to be sure
you can be at least two
or three steps ahead of
them, and that's impossible,
because there are always
going to go in a path
you didn't quite think of.
And so you have to be
really, really prepared.
And so it's an
ongoing challenge.
And so that means always
staying at the edge of advances
in research and
practice and so forth.
But it makes it a very
exciting place to teach,
and of course, having such
great students around,
make this-- The students are the
lifeblood and the motor place.
And so it's great,
it's really a privilege
to be part of such a community.

---

### Cleaning up oil spills with magnets at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZaP7XOjsCHQ

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
My name is Marcus Zahn.
I'm a professor of electrical
engineering at MIT.
And one of my primary
research areas
relates to the theory
and applications
of magnetic liquids,
synthesized fluid,
a fluid that when
stressed by a magnet,
tends to create interesting
hydrodynamic phenomenon.
Magnetic fluids are
a synthesized fluid
composed of 10-nanometre
magnetic nanoparticles coated
with a surfactant to stabilize
it within a host liquid.
Typically, such fluids are
water-based or oil-based.
After the BP oil disaster
about two years ago in the Gulf
of Mexico, I got the idea
that if the oil were magnetic,
we would be able to remove
it with strong magnets
and separate it from the water.
When oil spills occur,
a lot of the oil sinks.
And then, most of the
oil spill technology
deals with the oil
that's floating on top,
and it really
spreads far and wide.
The current oil spill
technology, like skimmers--
they're very good
in calm waters.
But in choppy waters, their
oil recovery efficiency
is about 50%.
So whatever they recover
from the seawater
would be half oil, half water.
And our technology is supposed
to improve that efficiency.
It's going to be an
add-on to that efficiency.
And what ours
would do is collect
that 50% of oil or water
in a confined space,
and then you'd put
magnetic nanoparticles
that like the oil.
So it makes the oil magnetic.
And then you would
separate the magnetic oil
from the water face.
So you get clean water, and
then you get the magnetic coil.
And then you, using
existing technology,
can actually remove the magnetic
nanoparticles from the oil
and send the oil to a refinery,
or you can recover the oil.
When an oil spill occurs,
it's actually easier
to burn the oil because
it's just spread so far.
But it's a big environmental
disaster already,
and then you're burning it.
Another thing they do is they
collect the oil and water.
And they collect
in these big tanks,
and they let it settle due
to density differences.
But that takes a long time.
What ours does is--
because of magnetic forces,
you can separate the two very
quickly because the forces are
so much stronger than density.
And that's the advantage.
You can actually process this
much faster and continuously
without any real
power being expended.

---

### Keeping MIT running 24/7
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqdzg-Rqv64

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Robot building and barefoot running with MIT's Russ Tedrake
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-XY62nkfNc

Idioma: en

Hi, I'm Russ Tedrake.
I'm a professor in the
Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science department
here at MIT, and in AeroAstro,
and a member of the Computer
Science and Artificial
Intelligence Laboratory.
I like to build dynamic robots.
Robots that move with the grace
and efficiency of an animal,
right.
So we've been working on
walking robots for a long time,
running robots, now we've
been building robotic birds.
I've always been
fascinated by the things
that nature can do that
our engineers can't do yet.
So if you look at
robots today, they're
surprisingly conservative
in the way that they move.
In fact, when
people talk about he
dances like a
robot or something,
that's supposed to be
a bad thing, right.
But a robot should dance just
as well as any ballerina.
I think, when we're
done with our work.
And similarly,
our running robots
should be able to go just
as far, as fast, and as
efficiently as
human when we run.
One project we're
working on right
now is we're trying to
make a robotic ostrich that
can run on two legs and
approach 50 miles an hour.
I think it's funny,
people ask me
why does the world
need robotic ostriches.
I'm not sure if we
need robotic ostriches,
but I'll tell you
my philosophy on why
we build these crazy robots.
It's because first of
all, I love robots.
But I'm quite sure
that the technology
we're building for
these robots, that
are pushing the
limits of what we
can do with control
technology, is relevant
far beyond robotic ostriches.
And one of the reasons
that I'm confident of that
is because we actually use
a lot of the same control
technology for, let's say,
a running robot that's
running 50 miles an
hour, and a plane that's
darting through trees
or landing on a perch.
The mathematics behind
the control approaches
is actually extremely
similar, and the advances
we've been making are
fairly foundational,
and I think can apply
to a lot of problems.
So for instance, we've been
trying to take that technology
and show that the same way
we've learned how to control
robotic birds, we can use
to make wind turbines more
efficient, right.
And as a philosophy
for the lab, I've
decided that it's
more fun, instead
of trying to eke a few
percentage of performance
improvement on a
wind turbine, we'd
rather build a robotic bird
that nobody's ever seen before.
And that way, I get
in every morning,
excited to be doing
what I'm doing.
And I get the best
students in the world
to come work on the
problems with me,
and we just get to have a lot
of fun making these advances.
And still, I think, working
towards the ultimate goals
of having control
technology that's
going to benefit the world.
So I live in Needham, which
is about 11 miles away
from Cambridge.
And about a year and
a half ago I just
got fed up with driving to
work, sitting in traffic all
the time, scheduling my
commutes to avoid rush hour.
It was just no fun.
And I am now a barefoot runner.
I run about half of my distance,
I'd say, with my shoes off.
Not with the five
fingered shoes,
not with some sort of
almost bare foot solution,
but I actually run barefoot
through the streets of Boston.
And I love everything about it.
I think it's
healthier for my legs,
I think I'm less
likely to get injured.
I think it makes
my body stronger.
The only thing I don't
like is that people
think I'm a little crazy.
So if you see someone
running barefoot
through campus, heading
out west of the city,
that's probably me.

---

### Microthrusters propel small satellites at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHVkc2JwAuI

Idioma: en

We live in a great
age of discovery.
We're learning so many
things about our universe.
We're learning so many things
about the planets, and so on.
But for that, we need
to take big spacecraft
and look at things up close.
Nowadays, people--
especially universities--
are looking into launching
really small spacecraft,
spacecraft as small as this
little cube I have here.
So if you want to launch
something like this,
it's cheap, but then
it's very limited
what you can do with it.
So you need, for
example, an engine
that can make these run
from one place to another.
At MIT, that's specifically
what we're working on.
We're trying to produce a
propulsion system that we could
put in a little cube like
this and make it move
the way a big satellite does.
We have built a
magnetic levitation
system that levitates a small
satellite inside a vacuum
chamber.
This vacuum chamber
is used to simulate
all the aspects of space.
This magnetic
levitation system works
by running a controller
that fixes the position
of the satellite vertically.
This is done using an
electromagnet and some magnets
attached to the satellite.
Once a satellite is floating
inside this chamber,
the thrusters that are
attached to this satellite
are going to be fired.
Afterwards, the motion
is going to be analyzed,
and direct measurements
of this thrust
are going to be calculated.
These measurements
are important,
because they prepare the
system for an actual flight.
So our thrusters
are micromachines,
using exactly the
same kind of tools
that are used in machine
electronics-- microelectronics
components.
In this way, we can make
them really, really small.
So the components
inside the thruster
are just a few microns
in size, and that
allow us to package
everything in a very, very
compact structure.
Each one of these is able
to move one of those cubes
in space the same way
that a bigger engine can
move a bigger spacecraft, a
bigger engine like that one
at my back.
So this is a very
exciting kind of thing,
and hopefully it will help
us to launch more missions
and make more discoveries
in the years ahead.

---

### Growing implant tissue on 3-D scaffolds
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCYt8g8oYJU

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Soft autonomous earthworm robot at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXkf62qGFII

Idioma: en

[Music]
researchers at MIT Harvard University
and soul National University have
engineered a soft autonomous robot that
can crawl across surfaces by squeezing
segments of its body like an earthworm
the robot made almost entirely of soft
materials is named
meshwork likee tube that makes up its
body mechanical engineer sang B Kim and
his colleagues looked to Nature and
specifically the earthworm for design
inspiration they noted that the ground
dweller is made up of two main muscle
groups that work together to inch the
worm along researchers created
artificial muscle from wire made of
nickel and titanium a shape memory alloy
that stretches and contracts with heat
they wound the wire around the tube
creating segments like that in an
earthworm they then applied a small
current to the wire segments causing the
wire to contract and squeeze the mesh
tube prop ping the robot forward as an
ultimate test the group subjected the
robot to multiple blows with a hammer
even stepping on the robot to check its
durability the robot proved remarkably
resilient surviving the attacks and
crawling away intact Kim says such a
soft robot may be useful for navigating
rough terrain or fitting through tight
spaces the
meshorer endoscopes implants and
Prosthetics

---

### Autonomous robotic plane flies indoors at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYs215TgI7c

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
Micro air vehicles
capable of operating
in constrained environments
without the use
of an external
motion capture system
are typically limited to
slow and conservative flight.
As a consequence, almost
all of this research
is done with rotorcraft
in the hover regime.
In the robust robotics
group in CSAIL at MIT,
we've developed a
fixed-wing vehicle
capable of flying at high
speeds through obstacles
using only onboard sensors.
The vehicle is equipped
with an inertial measurement
unit and a laser range scanner.
All the computation for
state estimation and control
is done onboard
using an Intel Atom
processor, similar to what
is found in a commercially
available netbook.
We designed a custom
airplane to carry the sensing
and computation payload while
still being able to maneuver
in confined spaces.
Our platform has
a 2-meter wingspan
and weighs approximately
2 kilograms.
At any given time
the laser can only
see a two-dimensional
picture of the environment.
Laser scans are depicted
with yellow points
representing obstacles, and
blue representing free space.
Even with a pre-computed
map, individual 2D scans
don't contain enough information
to uniquely determine
the 3D position, velocity, and
orientation of the vehicle.
To overcome this difficulty,
we aggregate successive scans
and combine laser information
with the inertial measurement
unit to perform
state estimation.
Another technical
challenge is efficiently
generating trajectories
for the vehicle to follow.
The complicated
vehicle dynamics create
substantial computational
difficulties
in determining a path
to fly from point A
to point B. To overcome
this difficulty,
we use an approximate
dynamics model
that makes it easy to map the
control inputs-- elevator,
rudder, aileron, and
throttle-- to corresponding XYZ
trajectories.
We start by connecting a
set of high-level waypoints
with line and arc segments.
We then use our
approximate model
to construct dynamically
feasible paths
by parameterizing an offset
from this underlying trajectory.
Here we demonstrate the
accuracy and reliability
of this system flying
through a parking garage.
In places, the parking garage
is less than 2.5 meters
from floor to ceiling, creating
extremely tight tolerances
for our 2-meter vehicle.
Our algorithms
allowed the vehicle
to complete a 7-minute flight
through the environment
traveling at over 10 meters per
second, or 22 miles per hour,
covering almost 3
miles of distance
and repeatedly coming within a
few centimeters of obstacles.

---

### Cell division and growth rate at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tnc6lqLSFR8

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Making Wrinkles
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgV40-PnE5s

Transcrição não disponível

---

### The role of U.S. airports in disease epidemics
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzhKyD19ZEY

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
In a new study, researchers
in MIT'S Department
of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
use network theory to understand
how infectious diseases could
spread worldwide through
air transportation.
Researchers built a model to
describe the mobility patterns
of individual travelers,
and derived a metric
to rank and predict which
airports in the United States
would be the most influential
spreaders of disease
within the first 15
days of an outbreak.
In this animation, you can see
the daily connecting flights
to and from all U.S. airports.
Some highly connected
airports, such as Anchorage,
are powerful regional spreaders.
Others, such as Honolulu. ,
owe their spreading potential
to their geographic location.
The global super spreaders,
such as JFK and LAX,
combine all those elements.
Connectivity, traffic
and geography.

---

### River networks on Titan
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bx6kvL9Ia-I

Idioma: en

This is a model of how river networks evolve
and change a landscape over time.
It was developed by my advisor, Taylor Perron,
here at MIT, based on theory and measurements
of the effect of Earth's rivers on the rocky surface
of the continents—but I've been using the model
to study Saturn's largest moon, Titan.
Until recently we didn't know much about
Titan's surface at all. We knew that the atmosphere
was mostly nitrogen, like Earth's, and that there
was also a lot of methane in the atmosphere; we knew
that it was very cold, and so there was the possibility
that methane might exist not just as a gas, but also
as a liquid, and so it was speculated that there might
even be oceans of liquid hydrocarbons on Titan's surface.
But we didn't have much more information than that
because Titan is very far away, and even more
challenging is the fact that all of these organic molecules
in the atmosphere make it very difficult to see the surface.
So, effectively, Titan's stratosphere is just full of smog.
And, the observations from Earth can't see through
that smog at visible light wavelengths. So there's just
a couple of windows where you can take pictures through
the smog, and looking at it from very far away there wasn't
much detail about the surface at all.
In addition to the difficulty of actually seeing Titan's surface
and taking the images that we now have, another challenge
that we have to deal with is the fact that it's a very exotic
environment. And so, in addition to the difference in
gravity, there's a difference in atmospheric composition,
and so the liquid that we're dealing with, that rains
out of the atmosphere, runs off of the surface, and makes
rivers, and cuts into the surface, is methane and not water,
and the material that's being incised into is not rock
like it is in most cases on Earth, but mostly water ice.
And so it's not immediately clear that the landscape
on Titan should behave like it does on Earth, and yet
we see striking similarities between the landscapes
that have been imaged on Titan and river networks we see
here on Earth. And in fact, as long as you know what the
properties of those materials are, and you use the right
kind of theory that takes that into account, you can
study the mechanics of hydrocarbon rivers cutting into ice
just like you can rivers of water cutting into rock.
The problems Taylor described in actually seeing
what the surface of Titan looks like were partially solved
by the Cassini spacecraft, which entered into orbit
around Saturn on June 30, 2004.
It doesn't orbit Titan, but it flies by Titan every once in a while,
and every time it does a drive-by, you get a single image
of a piece of the surface, created by the synthetic
aperture radar instrument on board.
It's not a normal picture like the satellite images
in Google Earth, but rather a radar image —
the radar can penetrate the haze.
The radar pictures are the highest resolution view we have
of large areas of Titan’s surface — they’re still kind of
coarse, about 300 meters per pixel at best, but that’s what
lets us see the drainage networks, and they're what
I've been using to study how rivers on Titan have modified its surface.
Here are radar images taken by Cassini.
They reveal bright and dark features that stretch for
hundreds of kilometers in some cases across Titan's surface.
This is one of the images I worked with:
The dark Rorschach blobs are liquid hydrocarbon lakes
near Titan's north pole; Cassini has captured images of
sunlight glinting off the flat surface of a lake, which is
one of the ways we know that the lakes really are full of liquids.
The largest of the lakes in this image is called Ligeia Mare,
named after one of the sirens in Homer's Odyssey.
The white lines are valleys cut by rivers of methane that
I identified and measured. The longest river network in
this image is about 200 km long, though
you can also see dozens of smaller networks.
In this radar swath, which is 100km across, you can
see some of the most distinct groups of river valleys
at the opposite pole, at around 75 degrees S.
One of the valleys appears to meander, similar to how
some rivers on Earth meander.
This image hints at a diverse landscape.
Other studies have shown that Titan is home to 'mountains'
which can reach 2km in height, and vast deserts filled with dunes.
In our study, we compared the shapes of river networks
on Titan and Earth to the river networks in our model.
On the left, you can see a detail from one of the radar
images of Titan’s surface, and on the right, a snapshot from the model.
We found that many of Titan’s river networks are relatively
elongated and spindly, which suggests that in some regions of Titan,
the hydrocarbon rivers have produced surprisingly little erosion.
Based on these results, we conclude that either erosion on
Titan is much slower than on Earth, or Titan’s surface
has recently been renewed, perhaps by a process such as
the eruption of icy lavas, or by tectonic upheavals.
We have a lot more to learn about Titan,
and what we're learning could help us answer some
fundamentally cool questions about Titan's history.
Titan is one of the very few places besides Earth
where we've found active modification of the surface by flowing liquids,
and we're excited to learn more about this familiar process
on an entirely different world.

---

### An "intelligent co-pilot" for cars
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouQYfWxEmP8

Idioma: en

Humans make mistakes.
When humans control machines, the rate and
severity of those mistakes increase.
In 2010, according to the National Highway, Traffic and Safety Administration
there were almost 5 and a half million traffic crashes,
in which over 32,000 people were killed and more than 2 million injured.
Most of these accidents were caused by human error.
When you think about vehicle safety, you might think of seat belts, or airbags, or maybe even anti-lock brakes.
This has been the traditional context for the term.
In recent years, the emphasis of vehicle safety has shifted
from collision mitigation, reducing the harm done when accidents happen,
to collision avoidance, preventing those accidents from ever happening in the first place.
I'm working with MIT's Robotic Mobility Group on a semi-autonomous driver assistance system,
that effectively acts as an intelligent co-pilot:
when you are driving safely, the system runs in the background,
monitoring the vehicle's environment and your performance;
but if you make a mistake, one serious enough to cause a collision or loss of control,
it intervenes to ensure you avoid it.
We've tested our system, in controlled environments like this field,
over 1200 times, with over 30 different drivers and very few collisions.
We're moving towards something that could end up in your next car.
The system uses an array of sensors, including an onboard camera and a laser rangefinder,
to monitor the vehicle's environment, looking for potential threats,
and its algorithms combine all this data into a single metric,
identifying a safe field within which the vehicle can operate
—essentially a corridor of safety that the car should remain within.
As long as the car stays in this corridor, the automated system stays quiet.
But if, as you can see here, the driver tries to perform a dangerous maneuver
that would cause the vehicle to lose control (as shown by the gray vehicle)
the system adjusts the driver's steering commands
(to the degree indicated by the green bar on the right)
to keep it in the safe corridor.
The blue vehicle shows the performance of the same driver with our system running in the background.
The system is similar to, but different in one key way,
from the autopilot systems used by many commercial aircraft.
As you may be aware, these autopilot systems are programmed to control the airplane autonomously
unless something goes wrong. In the event of a malfunction or unexpected problem,
the system shuts down and transfers control to the human pilot.
This abrupt transfer of control, particularly in fast-paced or high stress scenarios,
where humans tend to perform poorly, can be tricky.
Many aircraft crashes in recent memory have been caused
by human error in times like these.
Our system is designed to take the opposite approach:
rather than control autonomously by default, the driver remains in control,
and the autonomous system only takes over as necessary, and when absolutely necessary
to avoid collisions or losses of control.
This allows us to exploit the automated system's ability to
respond quickly and precisely to well-defined control objectives,
while exploiting the driver's uniquely human ability to detect
and contextualize patterns and new information, reason inductively,
and adapt to new control modes, as necessary while driving.

---

### Glasses-free 3-D TV at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJWJMh1PmR4

Idioma: en

So we've all seen holograms in museums and gift shops.
They look beautiful but we still can't go to the electronic
store and buy that holographic television. So the question
is why hasn't that happened yet? Well, one of the main
reasons is that a holographic television will require pixels
many times smaller than what we can manufacture even
for our best mobile phones today. So what we're trying
to do in our laboratory at MIT is develop 3-D technology
that uses todays dominant display technology, which is
liquid crystal panels, in a way that can create a beautiful
3-D scene like a hologram.
As we move from two-dimensional displays to
hyper-realistic, multi-dimensional displays for 3-D,
or multispectral and lighting displays, the bandwidth
requirements move from gigabytes-per-second to
terabytes-per-second. But my using compressive displays
we can explore compression not just in software but also
in optics, and bring those bandwidth requirements within
manageable limits.
So what's our secret sauce? Well if you look at the natural
3-D world, say a white wall, it turns out as you move your
head back and forth the wall doesn't really change.
So what we do is we take compression algorithms, like
you'd have in your digital camera, on your DVD or BluRay,
we look at the world, we identify these redundancies and
as a result we can actually use liquid crystal panels with
those large pixels to create beautiful 3-D scenes that
almost reach the quality of holograms today.
Here the prototype is assembled in the directional backlight
configuration. The front LCD layer sits atop a directional
backlight which is obscured while assembled. The LCD
driver electronics are mounted with the panel on an
aluminum plate. The plate is accurately positioned using
a rail and clip system. From the side the location of the
directional backlight, composed of a uniform backlight, LCD
and lenses, can be more clearly seen behind front LCD.
Because of the close layer spacing allowed by the
directional backlight design our two-layer prototype has
retained the thin form factor of an unmodified LCD panel.
We now compare to the three-layer tensor display
prototype. In this configuration three LCD layers are
illuminated by a uniform backlight. We choose a larger layer
spacing to demonstrate the flexibility of the tensor
framework, and to avoid moray interference without the
need for custom holographic diffusers. Displayed 3-D
images are perceived without any flickering but when filmed
with a high-speed camera the temporally varying tensor
decompositions are clearly visible for each of the three
layers.
So I think with new research you always want to ask,
why is this relevant now? And for us we're taking advantage
of two big trends in display hardware and graphics
hardware. The first is really high-speed display panels.
This lets us show a bunch of frames that your eye adds
up together as a single coherent image. The other trend
we're taking advantage of is high-speed graphics hardware.
The chips that go into your laptop, your phone, or your
desktop PC have become so fast in the last five years that
we can solve a whole complex computational problem in
the time it takes to show just one frame of video. And this
has enabled a whole new way of thinking about 3-D display.

---

### A new approach to water desalination
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5Tjy_90WBU

Idioma: en

Fresh water is running in short supply in many parts
of the world, and our research group at MIT has been
looking at how entirely new materials could help us
get more affordable clean water from the ocean, where
more than 97% of the world's water resides.
The key is the water desalination process,
and I'm working with Prof. Jeffrey Grossman in the
Materials Science department at MIT on the design of
new membranes for water desalination.
One of the membranes that we're studying is made of
graphene, which is a fascinating material.
It's only one atom thick, and we've found that
it has tremendous potential for drastically improving
the water permeability.
Water desalination today often uses filtration membranes
that effectively reject salt ions, like sodium and chloride,
but at the cost of sluggish water output,
and a very high energy footprint.
Using a computational tool called Molecular Dynamics,
we've modeled the behavior of salt water flowing across
graphene membranes at the atomic scale.
Our simulations show that graphene could let water through
at more than 100 times the permeability of existing
membranes, while still rejecting salt. The way to achieve this
is to introduce small pores, on the order of 1 billionth
of a meter in the structure of graphene.
If the pores are wider than water molecules, but
still narrower than solvated ions, our calculations
demonstrate that water is able to flow across them
while salt is blocked. And because graphene
is one of the strongest materials known, this membrane
could withstand the pressures required for water desalination.
The enhanced water permeability of nanoporous graphene
could be an important advantage over existing water desalination
technology. So while there's still a lot of work to be done
on this topic, we're very encouraged by our existing results
and we're excited to see the role that nanoporous graphene
could play in the future of global water resources.

---

### Making the invisible visible in video
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVlC_-e-4yg

Idioma: en

New research developed at MIT's
CSAIL and Quanta Research enables
the visualization of temporal variations
that are too subtle to be seen
by the naked eye alone.
For example, it can reveal the subtle change
of redness in the face due to blood circulation,
so that you can see someone's pulse flow through their face.
Using the signal, we can automatically
extract vital signs such as the heart rate,
without touching the patient.
Our tests show that the results accurately match
that of state of the art solutions,
such as the monitors used in hospitals.
The method can amplify not only color changes,
but also small motions that are impossible to see
in the original video. For example,
we reveal here the artery pulsation in the wrist.
We can also amplify the subtle breathing motion
of this baby, which can be useful for baby
monitoring and SIDS prevention.
Let's have a look at how the method works.
We take a regular video as input.
We first decompose it into multiple spatial scales
using a so-called Laplacian Pyramid.
This allows us to treat differently large-scale
features and small details.
The heart of the method is then
the temporal processing of the resulting pyramid levels.
We extract temporal variations in a band of frequencies.
For example, for a pulse visualization application,
we would extract frequencies around 1Hz,
which is the typical adult pulse at rest.
We then amplify these variations and recombine the video.
The computation is cheap,
and can be performed in real time, as demonstrated here.
The user has a number of sliders to choose the frequency band
and the amplification factor.
In this input high-speed video, the top two strings
of the guitar were struck.
We show two different amplifications of the same input
corresponding to different temporal frequency bands.
The middle video shows amplification around 82.4Hz,
the frequency of an E, and the top string's motion is revealed.
At 110Hz., shown at the bottom,
the second string gets amplified.
This input video is a simple blend between
two still images, taken 15 second apart.
The output video reveals changes in the scene,
even within this short time period.
Finally, in this high-speed video of a DSLR
taking a picture, we manage to amplify the very
subtle vibrations caused by its shutter and flipping mirror.

---

### Mapping the moon's Shackleton crater
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j2NAZODSdwM

Idioma: en

Shackleton Crater sits at the edge of the moon's
south pole, in near darkness for much of the year.
Images taken every hour, displayed here in sequence,
show the crater's illumination over one month.
The rim of the crater, which spans 12 miles across,
receives sunlight for about half the year,
while the crater's interior, plunging two miles to the floor,
remains in permanent shadow.
MIT researchers have mapped the crater
in unprecedented detail, and found physical traits
that may be signs of small amounts of ice
on the crater floor. The researchers used
a laser altimeter on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter,
a NASA robotic spacecraft orbiting the moon,
to illuminate the inside of the crater.
They found the crater's floor is naturally brighter
than that of nearby craters, a finding that
may point to the presence of ice.
The team also found that the crater's walls are even
brighter than its floor. Scientists think
gravitational tides or collisions may have
caused the walls' material to flake off,
revealing brighter, newer material underneath.
The group's maps of the moon may help researchers
understand crater formation, and explore
new terrain on the lunar surface.

---

### Sharper ultrasound images could improve diagnostics
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nE6atAvoTY

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Tinier Wires
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPgXkWDgTFE

Idioma: en

Computer chips have been shrinking every year,
and they require the complicated placement of trillions
of tiny wires. This is getting difficult, though,
as we are reaching limits to how small we can focus light,
the traditional method of making small patterns such as wires.
Our group is looking for new ways to pattern even smaller
wires, that have the additional feature of being able
to assemble spontaneously.
We use a strategy involving diblock copolymers,
which are large molecules made of two polymers
that are bound together and act as chemically distinct blocks.
These blocks would rather not be neighbors, so they
spontaneously separate, kind of like oil and water,
but on a smaller scale.
When they are put on a surface, they are able to form
wire-like cylinder structures, but these cylinders usually form
in a partially disordered pattern, making them unsuitable
for most applications. Recently, we have discovered
strategies for controlling their behavior in three dimensions.
Here's how we do it:
We use barriers, which are made of silica-like materials,
and which are used to order the cylinders as they form.
We chemically alter the barriers to be repulsive
to the self-assembled cylinders, and then introduce
the diblock copolymers to the surface, allowing them to
spontaneously self-assemble.
Here we are looking at a simulation, but let's look at
an actual experimental result, as seen
with an electron microscope.
This is what the final product looks like.
By precisely choosing the correct barrier positioning
and size, we can control the self-assembly to create
complicated 3D networks of cylindrical wires
that may one day find their way into your next computer.

---

### Public service projects from MIT's Class of 2012
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ICkIgDRL-s

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
My name is Diana Jue.
Hi, my name is Ambar Mehta.
Hi, my name is Leonie Badger.
Hi, my name is Greg Tao.
Hi, my name is Hallie Cho.
And my company is Essmart.
I was the founder
of MIT InnoWorks.
I'm one of the
co-founders of Fula&Style.
And we're OttoClave.
It turns out that in
the developing world,
everybody cooks their food in a
pressure cooker like this one.
And they're very, very cheap.
And this can also be used to
sterilize medical instruments.
And it works just as well
as the hundreds of thousands
of dollars worth
autoclaves that you
have at MGH or other
large US-based hospitals.
And what we've
added to that system
is a little sensor that can
monitor the internal conditions
to make sure that it's
heated up appropriately,
and a cycle monitor that
tells the user what to do,
when to do it, when the
process is finished,
and if they did it
correctly or not.
We've worked over the last
year in Nepal, distributed
over 20 of these, over
15 are still in use.
And people really love
this cycle monitor
because it speaks in
their local language,
and it's just cool electronics.
What we're trying to do
with Fula&Style is to build
a fashion house that focuses on
corporate wear for the African
middle class worker.
We believe that everyone
should look good
earning their
paycheck, but doesn't
have to spend their entire
paycheck looking good.
What we are providing
is a Fula&Style kit,
which includes the customers'
chosen half-finished garments,
and the buttons, zips, and
other accessories that they need
to complete it.
The customer can then
take this to the tailor
and have their own tailor
finish it for them.
Ghana, Senegal, and other
West African countries
have lots of small-scale
but skilled tailors,
and we believe that
by incorporating them
into our business
model, we'll be
able to impact a lot of
tailors while serving
our African customers.
MIT InnoWorks is a free
science and engineering
program held during the summer
for underserved middle school
students in
Cambridge and Boston,
I realized when I came to
MIT that one of the biggest
reasons why I really wanted
to do science and engineering
was because of the science
and engineering programs
I was fortunate to be able to go
to when I was in middle school.
That really fostered my
interest in these fields.
And so I wanted to provide
a similar opportunity
to other children, to also
foster their interests
in these fields,
but who may have not
had the role models and the very
strong family support system
I had growing up that pushed me
to pursue these opportunities.
Essmart gives rural
retail shops access
to essential technologies
that improved their customers'
lives.
When I was a senior at
MIT, I took MIT'S D Lab,
and I saw all of my classmates
making great technologies
for the poor, but when
I went into the field,
I saw that people
who were supposed
to be benefiting from
these technologies
were not actually
benefiting from them.
So this sparked
an interest in me
about technology
dissemination, and I
decided to pursue my
graduate studies here at MIT
in order to research this.
So I think when people think
of MIT, they often think of,
I don't know, like cars
and carbon nanotubes
and amazing gizmos
that we're not
really sure what they're for.
But really, so many
of our MIT students
come in the door
passionate about service.
So we start working, from the
moment that they're freshmen,
we have some big programs
that students get involved
in in the local communities.
And we keep involved with the
students throughout their time
here.
And so many of them,
really, have this passion
to take what they're learning at
MIT and apply it in the world,
but also to say, look, I've
have this great privilege.
I've been able to come
to this great university,
and I can take what I'm learning
here and apply it elsewhere.
In a real sense, I
think a lot of students
feel they have a
responsibility to do that.
So it's not just
amazing, abstract gizmos.
It really is real projects
for the real world.
And that's what we're
seeing so many MIT students
doing today, and excited to
be doing, with their careers
and with their academics.

---

### MIT's Brass Rat: A Vietnam War ring mystery
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-F2O8lPh4k

Idioma: en

Schools have
different approaches
to how a ring is done.
The MIT ring has the
year, it has MIT,
and it has the initials in
a very, very fancy cursive
format.
So, it's very
difficult to figure out
who a ring belongs to
simply by looking at it.
A little over a month
ago, I received an email
from a woman named Becky Adam's,
who's down in Virginia, talking
about a ring, a Brass Rat,
an MIT ring that she had.
And she thought it was
from the class of 1967.
It turns out, it may not be.
But that's part of the mystery
we're trying to unravel.
When I received the
email about the ring
being found, or being
returned to MIT,
my first thought was what were
the circumstances by which
the ring would be returned with
the effects of one soldier who
was not actually the
owner of the ring,
and I think there are a couple
of observations I would make.
The first is that 1968 was
probably the most intensely
chaotic time in the war.
It would become worse
perhaps, but it certainly
was the worst up to that period.
So it is possible
that one could be
in possession of somebody else's
ring, or other items, simply
because of the chaos of the
environment at the time.
It could also be the
case that soldiers
left their possessions in the
hands of people who perhaps
were most stable, who were
not as much on the move
as they were, close friends.
And it's possible that the
ring could have been caught up
in the affects of
somebody else actually
collecting the facts of
a person after they die.
That is, they don't
quite know who owns what,
and the ring doesn't
give much of a clue.
Apparently, she must have had
the ring for well over 40 years
and finally she must have been
going through her artifacts
and found it again,
and cause her to write.
And just recently, I got it
from her in this package.
Class ring, this is
what the note says,
class ring, returned with
effects of Steven Adams who
died in Vietnam, March 1968.
So, I served in
Vietnam as a lieutenant
in the Army Corps of Engineers.
I spent my first year
stateside in training, and then
at my first stateside
post and then in October
of 1970 headed to Vietnam.
When you entered in
country you spent
your first three days at a
place called the Long Binh
replacement depot.
You're in a tent city with
10,000 other soldiers.
And after that three days
you'd get your orders,
and you'd be sent off
to your post in Vietnam
with basically the new clothing
that they'd issued you,
and the few things that they
told you should bring along
with you when you came.
So most guys arrived with
relatively few personal items.
My name is Peg Mead, I'm the
college territory manager
for New England, for Balfour.
Balfour has worked with
MIT and the Brass Rat
since the early 30s.
Recently, I was asked to
take a look at this ring that
was returned with the
effects of Steven Adams, who
had died in the Vietnam War.
The ring was produced by
John Roberts Company, which
eventually was purchased by
ArtCarved, which eventually
was purchased by Balfour.
I could tell by
looking at the ring
that it's hardly been worn.
So, the person who originally
owned this ring probably
only had it for a
fairly short time.
Unfortunately,
there's no year in it.
The degree letters SM,
for Master of Science
are on the side, and it
does have hand engraving
on the inside which is JTM.
Looking at the
John Roberts logo,
and the hand engraving, and
also the style of the ring,
leads me to believe that this
ring was probably produced
sometime in the mid '60s.
That would have been after John
Roberts had changed the method
of manufacturing class rings.
Most class rings
up until that point
were made through a
dye struck process.
Essentially, a piece of
gold was laid over a dye
and a big weight came down
and whacked it into the dye
and then it was cut out.
John Roberts actually pioneered
the lost wax casting method,
which allowed for a
lot greater detail.
And I can tell that from the
detail in the beavers fur,
it's very clear on
this and that would not
have been the case
with a dye struck ring.
Well, the ring might have
ended up in his hands,
the fellow could have
been a friend of his,
might have been
in the same unit,
it might have been with
a collection of stuff
that he inherited from the
guy in the bunk next door.
It could have come
to him in many ways.
But the fact that
he held onto it,
and had maybe some
significance to him,
suggest to me that he might
have known the person.
People who wear this
ring, when they lose it,
feel that they are missing
a part of themselves.
They are missing a
part of themselves
that identifies
them as an MIT grad,
and frequently ask
how quickly they can
get a replacement for the ring.
I know that this ring would
mean an enormous amount
to the person who lost it.
Especially, as
his original ring,
possibly he's had a replacement
and if he is no longer alive,
it will mean a lot to
his heirs and family
to receive this ring.
The other thing that we
could offer to the family,
if in fact their son died,
or their father, uncle,
whatever that we will have his
name engraved in building 10,
underneath the
great dome at MIT.
And there's an
honor there as well.
We're making this video
because we were asking help
from our alumni and friends.
Help that would
allow us to return
this ring to its rightful
owner or their family.
I appreciate your
attention to this,
and look forward to any
information you have.

---

### Is that smile real or fake?
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYmgCQjgXQU

Idioma: en

We often smile
out of politeness,
sometimes when you're amused
or even when you're frustrated.
Ever wondered, what is
it about those smiles
that make them so different?
We humans are usually
pretty good about perceiving
the smiles correctly.
However, we still
don't have a good idea
about the low-level
features of the smile that
make them so different.
So in our ongoing
work, we try to zoom
in to different kinds of
smiles and deconstruct them
into low-level facial features.
And then we wondered
whether it's
possible to train a computer
to recognize some of the smiles
automatically.
The major bottleneck of
this kind of research
is that we need to have a lot of
samples of spontaneous smiles.
So for our work, we brought
people into the lab.
We gave them a long
tedious form to fill out.
The form was intentionally
designed to be buggy.
So regardless of whatever
they typed, as soon
as they hit the button Submit,
it would clear the form
and bring it back to the
beginning of the form.
And we realized we're
surprised that a lot of people
are extremely
frustrated, yet they
were smiling to cope up
with that environment.
In that snapshot,
you'll see two things.
Number one, this participant
has action unit 12, also
known as lip corner pull
raised, and also AU 6-- action
unit 6-- cheek raiser pulled.
Based on research, when you
have these two muscles evoked,
you're more likely to
be in a happy state.
However, if you follow
through the video,
you will see that this
person was actually
extremely frustrated.
So that tells you that,
instead of looking
at the snapshot, if you
look at the patterns of how
the signal progresses
through time,
it may be able to tell you
more about the expression.
So we had two different
kinds of smile-- delighted
smiles and frustrated smiles.
For delighted smiles,
our algorithms
performed as good as humans.
However, for frustrated
smiles, human
performed below chance,
whereas the algorithm
performed more than 90%.
One possible explanation
is that we humans usually
can zoom out and try to
interpret an expression,
whereas a computer
algorithm can utilize
the nitty-gritty details
of a signal, which
is much more enriching
than just kind of zoom out
and look at the
high-level picture.
One application of our research
that we are excited about
is to help people with autism
to interpret expressions better.
Because often in
school and in therapy,
they're told that if they
see a lip corner pull,
the person is more
likely to be happy.
However, in our
work we demonstrate
that it's possible for
people to be smiling
in different
contextual scenarios,
and the meaning would
be totally different.
So if you can deconstruct a
smile into low-level features,
perhaps we can teach it to them.
And people with autism
may get better at it.

---

### Jet-injected drugs may mean the end of needles
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M09LyLqb5qw

Idioma: en

Hello. I'm Professor Ian Hunter,
and I run the Bioinstrumentation Lab here
in Mechanical Engineering at MIT.
I'm joined by my colleague, Dr. Cathy Hogan,
and together, including the help from a number of very,
very talented students and post-docs and others
in the lab, we've created a very interesting new technology
for drug delivery.
What you're watching is a simulation of drug delivery
into the skin, in this case of a particulate,
but not using a needle.
We're developing a system that eliminates the use of needles,
and instead delivers drugs into tissue using a high-pressure
stream right into the skin.
In our lab, we've developed a prototype of a device
that uses a highly controllable jet injector, and a
computer interface that controls volume of drug delivered, and
the velocity at which it moves.
It can both inject into and aspirate from tissue.
And we're able to fire the drug out at almost
the speed of sound, if we need to. The speed of sound
in air is about 340 meters per second.
It's capable of pressurizing the drug up to as much as
100 megapascals, and we can do that in under a millisecond.
So here you can see the heart of the Lorentz-force actuator,
the heart of our actual technology:
there's a magnet in the center of the jet injector
that's surrounded by a coil of wire, and when we apply
a current to the coil, we create a Lorentz force,
that pushes this piston, which forces the drug
out of the ampoule. This gives us a tremendous
amount of control, depending on how much current we put in,
so that, as you can see here, we can successfully deliver
a wide variety of volumes of drug, at a wide variety
of velocities, with a very low degree of error,
something a needle can't do.
We can also change the velocity over the course of
a single injection, so it breaches the skin
at one velocity, and then disperses the drug at another.
We accelerate the coil to the desired speed,
hold it there for a defined time, and then
decelerate to a lower velocity to disperse
and absorb the drug into the tissue.
So the drug comes out at this fine jet,
about the same diameter as a mosquito proboscis,
and, as many of you know, you don't feel when the mosquito
inserts its proboscis into your skin, because it's
so very narrow -- our jet is of a similar diameter.
We've also developed this device so that it can be used
for delivery of drugs right through the eye
and into the retina.
We've succeeded in delivering drugs through
the tympanic membrane in your ear, so we can deliver drugs
to the middle and inner ear, and
we've also done something that we think is pretty cool:
we can take a drug in powdered form, put it in
this device; the device, because  of its very, very fast
response, is able to vibrate that powder
so it behaves like a liquid, and then we inject it
into tissue, as though it was a liquid,
even though it's a powder.

---

### L. Rafael Reif selected as the 17th president of MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKH7em4IO30

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
On Wednesday, May 16th,
MIT elected L. Rafael Reif,
as its 17th President,
succeeding Susan Hockfield.
Reif has been the institute's
provost since 2005,
and a faculty member
at MIT since 1980.
Reif, who was born in
Venezuela, is a member
of the first generation
in his family
to attend college, earning
his undergraduate degree
in electrical engineering
from Venezuela's Universidad
de Carabobo in 1973.
He attended graduate school
at Stanford University,
ultimately earning his
master's and PhD there,
in electrical engineering.
He was elected President
by the MIT Corporation,
the institute's
board of trustees,
during a meeting on
Wednesday morning.
He will take office
effective Monday, July 2nd.
After this morning's
corporation vote,
Reif spent the day talking with
community members and friends
of the Institute, beginning with
a press conference at 10:30.
At 2:00 PM, a special
community meeting and reception
was held in room 10250, where
MIT'S students, faculty,
and staff got to meet the 17th
President for the first time.
In leading MIT, I will be guided
by MIT's values and principles.
The values, our most cherished,
include our commitment
to meritocracy and integrity,
our commitment to excellence,
our commitment to always
take the high road
and do what is right, and to
make a positive, constructive
contribution to society.
--our commitment to care
for the MIT community
to respect all members
of our community
and to recognize everyone's
contribution to the mission
and well-being of MIT.
In the early evening, MIT
held a student-only event
for MIT's undergraduate
and graduate students.
For complete coverage
of the day's events,
please visit MIT News.

---

### Making wrinkles - hydrogels that collapse into complex shapes may aid in drug delivery
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHsJFS-KALg

Idioma: en

When we think about the most
common way to deliver drugs we
often think of pills. When you
swallow a pill it travels to the
stomach where it dissolves and
releases its therapeutic
contents tot he rest of the
body. But often times a pill
may carry too much of one drug
or not enough of another.
Excessive amounts of a drug
can damage surrounding tissues
while deficiencies can weaken
its effect. Researchers are
looking for ways to tailor
"smart pills" to release drugs
in very specific ways for more
targeted, effective drug-
delivery. The idea is that a
pill may one day sense its
target and change its shape
to release drugs all at once
or bit by bit, depending on a
patients treatment plan.
Now we could potentially use
the tubular gel as a new
delivery vehicle. Its almost
like a robot but this robot
actually controls the release
by its own shape. At the very
beginning they all look alike.
They are all of a similar,
tubular shape, but based on
how the mechanical difference
the tube feels in the environment
they could release into different
volumes and different direction.
With this in mind, MIT
researchers are studying
hydrogels, materials commonly
used to make pills, and looking
at how these gels deform.
They say that by knowing how
these materials change shape
scientists can make shape-
shifting pills, designed to
squeeze out drugs at specifically
targeted areas in the body.
Just to give you an example to
heal bones this process usually
takes in the order of months.
However if we now have the
capability to engineer the tubes
and engineer the tissue scaffold
so that we could control not only
the time at which the cartilage
is forming, but also to control
the direction and the location
of the release of growth factors
based on now the shape of the
scaffold, and we hope to see
them really play a critical role
as a drug delivery vehicle for
tissue rejuvenation and tissue
healing.

---

### the MIT Science Fiction Society
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edi48h_HYj4

Idioma: en

I'm Alexandra Westbrook, I'm a junior at MIT, and
I'm currently the Lady High Embezzler
of the MIT Science Fiction Society, and that is our Treasurer position.
We aim to have 100% of all speculative fiction
written in English—however, in reality we probably
have around 90%. Speculative fiction includes
science fiction, fantasy, and horror, and forms associated with these.
All together we have 65,000 books, and this is not including
magazines, media, and fan zines.
We're looking to see if we can get more space,
because as you can see from a lot of the books
put in front of other books, we are out of space.
Favorites, um... there's so many awesome books.
Jhereg is a short light fantasy novel by Steven Brust;
it has a lot of popularity with the people around here.
It's about an assassin and his pet jhereg;
the jhereg is on the cover.
Another one of our favorites is The Lies of Locke Lamora
by Scott Lynch. It's about a con man basically;
set in a fantasy series.
Charles Stross is a computer scientist turned science fiction
writer, and the Atrocity Archives is a book of his about
a computer scientist turned Lovecraftian magician.
The society was originally formed in 1949, with just a
few students, and all they had was a crate of books.
But, today in 2012, we have 300 members and 30 librarians.
So, this is the original library at MIT. Our original
collection lived in it; it was stored in students' dorm rooms
and moved around from dorm room to dorm room until
we actually got a physical library to store our books in.
It currently exists as a time capsule only to be opened
at the appropriate age.
Our gavel block, the thing we bang the gavel on in front,
is a solid piece of titanium, and it was found in MITSFS and
used for that for a while and some professor took it to
Congress and used it to show off, 'hey this is what
the Russians are making their submarines out of,' and
then brought it back.
MITSFS meeting called to order, Friday, April 20, 2012, at
66.6 kiloseconds SST. P. Weaver, President/Skinner, presiding,
Lemur, OnSec, recording; Lemur will now read
last week's minutes [Lemur reads minutes].
We run meetings and our meetings are more like,
science fiction fans come together and talk about
geeky stuff. Business doesn't take care of there, business
happens in a smoke-filled room other times.
All for?
All against?
Chickens?
Motion passes 9-0-2 plus Spain. [bangs gavel]
And the meeting is adjourned at 68.4 kiloseconds SST.
We have a complete obsession with bananas.
There's a banana shark and a banana mole, and a
banana egg above you, and there's a banana colored couch.
The circulating banana. You can check it out if you want.
It was covered in armor, to protect it.
Every once in a while we grab a bunch of nerf weapons
and attack HRSFA—or they attack us—
which is the Harvard-Radcliffe Science Fiction Association.
So, Psi Phi is actually the sorority associated with the
MIT Science Fiction Society. We're not an official sorority,
but every once in a while we'll show up to the Greek Griller,
and confuse lots of people. Especially because
they originally look at us and they're like, "Psi phi...? Ohhh."

---

### Fog-free glass
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8he2oKAR8IE

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Professor Anant Agarwal on MITx
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TwKajOHVYwg

Idioma: en

MITx is MIT's online
learning initiative.
It's a worldwide initiative.
The plan with MITx,
the vision with MITx,
is to make available MIT courses
online to both internal MIT
audiences and
audiences worldwide,
and to truly change the
way education is done,
to give an opportunity
for students worldwide
to have access to a
MIT-caliber education.
MITx is going to be
free for everybody.
Anybody can take
the course for free.
Our platform is
going to be open,
and we're going to make it
available as open source,
and the content is
also going to be open.
So it'll be a very open
approach to doing education.
Anybody around the
world can sign up
and do the course for free.
For the prototype course,
the certificate is also free.
Over time, we'll
have to figure out
a sustaining model
for MITx, and there
will be a modest charge for
certificates for the course.
Unlike a traditional university,
where you have to apply
and there's an
admissions process,
and your background matters,
and it's hard to get in,
and few people
have opportunities,
here the computing
technologies--
the internet and
cloud computing--
can really make education
freely available
to everybody, whether
it's a million people
or a billion people.
We've seen high school
and young students
who want to reach beyond what
their school or college might
offer.
There's a the 81-year-old
who has taken the course.
There is a single
parent with two children
who has taken the course.
So we've seen people
from all walks of life
who are looking to enrich
themselves and learn,
and use the chance to make
this available in an affordable
manner to a much much, much
broader community-- pretty much
anybody that is willing and able
to do this kind of learning.
So I would encourage
you to go try it.
I think it's a
spectacular experience.
I think it's a
unique experience.
I would encourage
you to go online,
and you can browse around
the existing courses.
It's a fun experience.
Some of the labs are
like gaming experiments,
where with LEGO-like
simplicity you
can build circuits
and play around
with some of these things.
It's a lot of fun.
So I would go online
and experience--
even if you don't have the
background for this course,
go online and experiment
with the material,
and see how it feels.
And as future
courses come online,
have fun and get on board.

---

### Shifting sands
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=azldMtSJbfw

Idioma: en

One of the biggest
challenges when
trying to model
granular material flow
is its ability to appear to
pass through the regular phases
of matter very easily.
Those are solid,
liquid, and gas.
For example, if you look at the
top section of the hourglass,
you'll see that the grains are
pretty much just sitting there.
Just about all the
grains you're looking at
are not moving
apparently at all.
And that kind of
resembles what we
might think of as a solid, where
the material is sort of locked
in place.
But closer to the bottom
of the top section--
we're getting close
to the nozzle--
you have to think that
the grains are now
starting to flow.
And in fact as they
pass through the nozzle,
they seem to be pouring much
like we'd expect of a liquid.
Then they can move to
the bottom compartment.
You'll see that when
they land the grains form
something like a cone.
What this is telling
us is that the material
can support its own weight
a little bit differently
than a standard liquid can.
In fact, if you look at
where the stream hits
the top of the
cone, you might be
able to see that the grains are
actually colliding and bouncing
around a lot, much like
you'd expect in a gas.
So, lo and behold,
in this one geometry
you're seeing what appears to be
granular solid, liquid, and gas
coexisting at the same time.
Granular materials are
extremely ubiquitous.
They're all over the place.
And especially in
industry, where
they are second only to water as
the most handled material type.
Food industry-- things like
manipulating grains, corn,
through silos, conveyors,
hoppers, chutes.
Pharmaceutical industry must
deal with pills and powders
on a daily basis.
They lose millions of dollars
in handling processes alone.
You also have to think that
granular materials compose
simple geological materials
like, of course, sand,
but also soil, dirt, gravel.
Help us answer questions like,
how does a landslide start?
What's the flow
like in a landslide?
It has been estimated
that we waste about 40%
of the capacity of
most industrial plants
due to inefficiencies in
handling granular materials.
And because they are so common,
they account for about 10%
of the energy
consumed in the world.
So we hope that in
understanding how grains flow,
we can start to optimize
these processes better.
Because for the
most part they've
been based on rules of thumb--
just empirical rules that
have been passed down.
Another important application
would be applications
involving traction.
The Mars Rover, Spirit,
was intermittently
stuck in the sand on a number of
occasions for months at a time.
May 1, 2009 it got stuck
in the sand for good.
It is currently still stuck
in the sand up on Mars.
And it's interesting
to think that such
an expensive and
well-thought-out operation
could be foiled by sand, which
is just so simple in our day
to day lives.
Existing continuum models
for granular materials
are sort of shut
off from the way
that we do continuum modeling
of simpler materials like fluids
or linearly elastic solids,
where the idea kind of goes
as follows.
I think of a granular flow by
imagining that the entire flow
environment is split up into
tiny little cubes for example.
And I try to figure
out how the grains flow
by doing a bunch of
experiments on a single cube.
When I'm done I
then apply the rule
that I got from
those experiments
to all the cubes
in the patchwork
and let the material
flow accordingly.
This type of modeling
can take you pretty far,
but for granular
materials you get--
you run into some pitfalls.
Unlike a fluid
for example, where
the smallest parts of
the flow is something
on the atomic scale,
whereas the cup that you're
trying to predict the flow in
is extremely big in comparison,
the grains themselves are
small, but not all that small
compared to the geometry you're
trying to flow them through.
For example, it's
not uncommon to be
able to look at the
whole flow geometry
and still make out
the individual grains.
As a result, you don't get
quite a clean breakdown
of this continuum argument
like I just gave you.
And in fact, the
size of the grains
start to have cascading effects.
And you can think of it like
the properties of one deforming
cube are now influencing
the other cube.
The recent work
that we've done has
tried to factor the
size of the grain itself
into the continuum law.
As a result, you can think of
it like small little cubes,
or continuum
elements, are now sort
of chattering with each
other and influencing
each other's deformation.
And as a result, we were able
to get much better results
with flow.

---

### Smart sand & robot pebbles
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okciiW26A6c

Idioma: en

This video shows how we can use our Robot Pebbles system
to duplicate complex 2D shapes.
We start by surrounding the original shape,
(the humanoid form shown in black), with Robot Pebble modules.
As the Robot Pebbles communicate, their connecting
bonds flash orange. The basic idea is to identify and
duplicate the modules on the border of the original shape.
The modules turn blue when they realize they may border
on the shape to be duplicated. Using a geometric algorithm,
the system differentiates between the blue modules that
border on the shape to be duplicated, and the blue modules
on the exterior on the composite block of material.
As each blue module determines that it borders on the
shape to be duplicated, it turns yellow, and sends a
message to its conjugate border module, that lies some
distance to the right. This offset distance is automatically
chosen by the system in such a way to ensure that the
original and duplicate shapes never overlap.
Once the conjugate border mirrors the border of the
original shape, the system performs a flood fill process
to inform all modules inside the new duplicate border that
they are part of the duplicate shape. As a result, they
turn orange. Finally, once all the modules that form the duplicate
shape have been notified of their unique status, the system
breaks all the unnecessary mechanical bonds, between
the other modules, leaving only the original and
the duplicate shapes behind.
We have extended this process to three dimensional shapes,
and we have run hundreds of experiments to demonstrate
that it runs reliably and robustly with any original shape.

---

### the Buckliball
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKdWa8aIqno

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Daron Acemoglu on Why Nations Fail
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2z5RAZlv2UQ

Idioma: en

The main idea of the book is that if we want to think about
the prosperity or poverty of nations, we have to think about
the politics of it—in particular, we have to think about
institutions that provide incentives for innovation and
investment, or a level playing field. But, sadly, those
institutions are rather rare in history. What we see much
more are what we call in the book 'extractive institutions,'
which have been designed by a few people—the elite in society—
to extract resources from the rest of society, and they don't
generally encourage investment or innovation, and they
certainly don't provide a level playing field for people to
use their talents.
I think the best way to understand why this theory,
rather than those that have been proposed
over the centuries, emphasizing the importance of
geography, culture, or enlightened leadership, is the
right way for thinking about the prosperity of nations,
we can consider an example.
Consider how what we view as the extractive institutions
in South America have formed over the last past centuries,
versus the more inclusive institutions in North America.
If you look at the way that the Spanish conquistadors
conquered Latin America, the main things they were
interested in were gold, silver, and people to enslave,
and to capture and put to work to produce goods and
food for them. And when they found places which were
empty or sparsely settled, they had no interest in
those places, they moved away. And places such as
Buenos Aires, for example, with a great climate and
fertile land around it, was not what the Spaniards were
interested in. When the English colonialists went to
North America, they had a remarkably similar strategy
for colonization as the Spaniards in the South.
They first tried to capture the Indians; that didn't work
because they were too sparsely settled and they didn't
have the Aztec or the Inca empires to turn to, so as a
second strategy, they tried to bring in indentured servants,
to become the enslaved people to produce food and goods
for the elite. That didn't work either, and people ran away,
and wanted their freedom, and it was finally
upon the realization that those strategies would not work
in North America, that they started to introduce the first
bits of inclusive institutions. They introduced the
head rights system, giving incentives, and land to settlers;
and then also a general assembly so that the settlers could
govern themselves. And I think what's remarkable about
this story is that it emphasizes that it wasn't some English
culture, or some different vision of leadership that led to
the outcomes that were so divergent between North and
South America; it was certainly not geography because
at the time the Europeans arrived it was actually the South
that was more developed and the North that was less developed.
It was the politics of it, and in particular that the Spanish
conquistadors could take over existing hierarchies and use
force to enslave people in the South, but they couldn't do
the same in the North because there were not enough
people to enslave, and when they brought their own lower
strata of the society, those people rose up and didn't give
them the same opportunities. And those beginnings of
institutions have persisted and led to a more inclusive
system in the North and a more extractive system in the South,
and when we see today more innovation, more investment,
and a more level playing field in places such as the
United States or Canada, than in Mexico, Peru or Bolivia,
those are the continuations of these trends that had started
in an institutional and political way with the discovery
of the new world in the 15th century and 16th century.
You know, when we started working on this, the sort of topics
that we cover in this book were not popular among economists,
who focused on such things as unemployment,
monetary policy, business cycles, but big picture questions
about long-run development weren't popular, and when
they were posed, they were posed in entirely non-political
contexts. And both James and I realized that you could
really not divorce the economic trajectory of a nation
from its political dynamics, and we brought a political aspect,
a political viewpoint to this problem, and we started writing
academic papers, both on the theory and empirical and
historical analysis of these problems, and about four years
ago we finally decided it was time to sort of push this
agenda and try to write a book that was both more
comprehensive, so forced us to be more holistic and
recognize different aspects of the problem, and also
perhaps reach a broader audience.

---

### The Paradiso Synthesizer
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QiOwxyRLPis

Idioma: en

I'm Joe Paradiso, of the MIT Media Lab,
and this is my synthesizer.
I started building it around 1974-75, and I finished
more or less in 1985/86/87.
It's probably the world's largest
homemade modular synthesizer.
A modular synthesizer is very different from almost
any other kind of music synthesizer, in that it doesn't
have any kind of presets, and it doesn't make a sound
by default when you turn it on. You have to patch.
So you see all those cords behind me; those are basically
going from one module to another to generate and control
different kinds of sounds.
This synthesizer and all the cabinets—I've got about
125 modules—they all do different sets of things,
and they can be connected together in essentially
an infinite variety of ways.
I've got a lot of logic in here. People say:
Is this a digital synthesizer? It's not a digital synthesizer
in the sense that there's no computer in this.
But when you have a patch as complicated as
what's running now, what's controlling it all
isn't one sequencer. What's controlling it is
a hardwired patched logic. So I have "And's" and "Or's"
and Flip-flops, and counters, and rate multipliers,
and all kinds of logic chips like that
that are broken out into panels.
All the wires are kind of coming in and connecting up
in these modules here—this is the nexus of the whole thing.
This, in many ways, is what you'd think of as its brain.
There's no computer, but there is a state machine
that's hard wired up with all these logic modules,
and this is what generates the complexity of the sound
that you hear: simple clocks, simple signals are
coming in here, they're combining with each other,
and they're producing other signals that go out,
and trigger sounds, and cause other kinds of sounds
to change, in ways that are synchronous because
there is one clock that is driving the whole thing,
but very, very complicated, because they combine
in many, many different ways.
And that's why we'll take a patch of the sort I've been doing
here at the Museum, and make it into a sonic environment
that's variable. I mean, you're not hearing it repeat;
if you're sitting there for 5 minutes, you're going to hear
most of what it's going to do—but the way it does it,
the particular sounds it makes, the order of the sounds,
the quality of some of them—are never going to be quite the same.
It's a great toolkit for constructing sonic environments,
which you don't really get so much in a digital environment
anymore. With a digital synthesizer, you have to go through pages,
and maybe menus, and your finger is only on one item
at a time, when you have the mouse or your user interface.
When I work on this synthesizer, I'm totally immersed.
So my hands are on the patch cords, they're on the knobs;
it's very serendipitous because I see everything in front of me.
So as I'm making a patch that's generating some sound,
I see all kinds of possibilities as I start to go.
It's just inspirational to see all these modules
which can do different things.

---

### Weather in a tank
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWdKVpQ94Ns

Idioma: en

To study weather
system we could just
use observation
of the real world.
We could also use theory to
understand the underlying
dynamics.
Or we could use
the rotating tank
as a bridge between the
observation and the theory.
The Weather in a
Tank project was
designed to teach students the
essence of important weather
and climate phenomena.
The rotating tank apparatus is
made of a rotating table, which
rotates in a variable speed
according to the phenomena we
want to study.
And the tank of water
representing the fluid,
like the atmospheric fluid,
rotating on the earth.
We have a view from a
co-rotating camera, which
is viewing the tank like
cats sitting on earth viewing
the weather phenomena.
One might wonder how
much rotation affects
the behavior of, [? say, ?]
weather system or eddies
in the ocean.
To illustrate this, we are
playing with two experiments.
One tank of still
water, not rotated.
And one tank of water who is
rotating on our apparatus.
Here we have tank
of still water.
We're going to disturb
it by using my hand.
Imagine this is like a
disturbance in the atmosphere
or wind blowing over the ocean.
Disturb it lightly
by going in and out.
And I'm introducing
a few blobs of dye
to see how the water
is actually moving.
So they can see
the fluid spreading
in all direction, both
horizontally and vertically
and intermingled.
Here we have a similar
tank, but it's not rotating.
And we have a view from
the lab and the view
from the co-rotating
camera, which
is up here on this TV monitor.
Let's disturb this water again
in the same manner as before,
simulating like wind blowing
over the ocean or a disturbance
in the atmosphere.
Look at the movement of the
dye in this rotating system.
You notice curtains
of dye forming.
It's not going in all direction.
It's creating pattern
in two dimension.
If you look at the view
in the co-rotating camera,
you have swirling motion
with organized streaks
of dye, red and green.
This shows two-dimensional
turbulence motion, which
observe on all rotating system.
It's particularly
evident on Jupiter,
which is fast-rotating planet.
And the swirl here of red
is very much reminiscent
of the red spot on Jupiter.
In the real world, air
movement are generated
by temperature difference.
Here, we have another
tank rotating,
but with a can of
ice in the middle.
The ice in the middle
represents the pole.
The outside of the can
is at room temperature
and represents the equator.
From our everyday
experience we could
imagine that cold water
sinks near the can of ice
and warm water will
rise on the outside.
As before, we notice the dye
falling in organized pattern,
like curtains.
But on the surface,
we'll see movement.
By doing this experiment
on the rotating system,
we notice a much
more turbulent motion
with warm water going towards
the can and cold water
coming out in an organized
path and very similar
to weather system.
The rotating tank
has been proved
very successful in the
teaching of weather and climate
here at MIT and
other universities.
And students love
playing with the water
and get their hand wet.

---

### Greenhouse Gas Can Find a Home Underground
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95QUfea-e3o

Idioma: en

My name is Ruben Juanes, and I'm a professor
in the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
at MIT. In my research group, we study (among other things)
carbon capture and storage.
Carbon capture and storage is a promising technology
to reduce CO2 emissions in the atmosphere from large,
stationary sources, like coal-fired & gas-fired power plants.
The idea is to capture CO2 from the flue gas of these plants
and then inject it into deep geologic reservoirs
for long-term storage. These reservoirs are typically
one to three kilometers underground, well below the
freshwater aquifers used for drinking water.
They are bounded above by one or several caprocks,
that prevent the upward flow of CO2, back to the surface.
A key question for the future of carbon capture & storage
is: for how long can it stabilize CO2 emissions?
To answer this question, it is essential to understand
how CO2 behaves in the subsurface. We model the
subsurface fluid dynamics of CO2 storage.
To begin with, we model the injection of the CO2, to ensure
that the injection pressure does not become too high, and
fracture the caprock. We also model what happens to the CO2
after injection, to ensure that it does not travel to a potential
leakage pathway, like a large fracture shown here in red.
After injection, the CO2 will migrate upslope beneath
the caprock, because it's buoyant. As it migrates,
the plume of CO2 will become arrested by two trapping mechanisms.
One mechanism is capillary trapping. During migration,
the CO2 will become immobilized into blobs by capillary
forces in the wake of the plume, show as light grey in the cartoon.
The photograph shows residual CO2 in a tank packed with
glass beads that simulates the storage reservoir.
The second trapping mechanism is solubility trapping.
Since CO2 is soluble in water, the plume of CO2
will dissolve into the groundwater, shrinking as it migrates.
It turns out that the water with dissolved CO2 is more dense
than groundwater, and therefore dissolution will lead to an
unstable configuration: a layer of dense, CO2-rich fluid,
sitting over the lighter ambient groundwater. As a result,
the dissolved CO2 will sink away from the plume, to the
bottom of the reservoir, in a process known as
convective dissolution, which we illustrate with a hi-res
computer simulation. This process will greatly accelerate
the dissolution rate, and together with capillary trapping,
will eventually cause all of the CO2 to become
completely trapped.
To determine how much CO2 could be stored in the
United States, we studied 20 of the largest, most promising
deep saline aquifers over the country. For each
saline aquifer, we calculated the maximum amount of CO2
that could be stored subject to two constraints:
the ejection pressures must be low enough to avoid
damaging the caprock, and the CO2 must be completely
trapped before migrating to a major leakage pathway.
The footprints of trapped CO2 in these saline aquifers is shown
here in blue.
We found that the United States can store enough CO2
to stabilize emissions at their current rate for over 100 yrs.
This result suggests that with a favorable political and
economic framework, carbon capture and storage can be
a viable climate change mitigation option in this country
for the next century.

---

### Guiding robot planes with hand gestures
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjVmLA8_uHY

Idioma: en

Gesture recognition is a novel approach to
human-computer interaction that allows you to use your
natural body movement to interact with computers.
Because gestures are a form of human communication
that is natural and expressive, they allow you to concentrate
on the task itself, using what you already do, rather
than having to learn new ways to interact. Our goal is to
enable unmanned vehicles to recognize the aircraft
handling gestures already made by deck crews. The
aircraft handling gestures use both body posture and
hand shapes; so it is important for our system to know
both information. My research concentrates on developing
a vision-based system that recognizes body and hand
gestures from a continuous input stream. My system uses
a single stereo camera to track body motion and hand
shapes simultaneously and combines this information
together to recognize body-and-hand gestures. We use
machine learning to train the system with lots of examples
allowing the system to learn how to recognize each gesture.
There are four steps that our system takes to recognize
gestures. First, from the input image obtained from a stereo
camera, we calculate 3D images and remove the
background. The second, our system estimates 3D body
posture by fitting a skeletal body model to the input image.
We extract various visual features, including 3D point cloud,
contour lines and the history of motion. These features are
computed both from the image and the skeletal model.
Then, the two sets are features are compared allowing our
program to come up with the most probable posture.
The third [step], once we know the body posture, we know
approximately where the hands are located. We search
around each of the estimated wrist positions, compute
visual features in that region and estimate the probability
that what we see there is one of the known hand shapes
used in aircraft handling. For example: palm open, closed,
and thumb up and thumb down. As the last step, we
combine the estimated body posture and hand shape to
determine gestures. We collected twenty-four aircraft
handling gestures from twenty people, giving us four
hundred sample gestures to use to teach the system to
recognize the gestures. We use a probabilistic graphical
model called a Latent Dynamic Conditional Random Field.
This model learns the distribution of the patterns of each
gesture as well as the transition between gestures. We use
this with a sliding window to recognize gestures continously
and apply the multi-layered filtering technique we developed
to make the recognition more robust. There is still a
considerable amount of work to be done in the field of
gesture recognition. Things we continue to work on include
improving the reliability, adaptability to new gestures and
developing appropriate feedback mechanisms; for example
the system can say, "I get it" or, "I don't get it."

---

### Optimal paths for automated underwater vehicles (AUVs)
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtnOgefsm0w

Idioma: en

There are a lot of autonomous systems now everywhere
in the world and in particular in the ocean we had realized
that the number of underwater vehicles is increasing and
predicted to increase quite a bit. So, the particular aspects
that we are focusing on is two-fold. The first one is
trying to estimate the optimal paths in the ocean,
in particular focusing on time-optimal, so how to go from
point A to point B where you have a lot of underwater
vehicles that have all of these paths that they need to plan
in an optimal time. Another aspect we are working on is
minimizing energy which becomes equivalent to traveling
in optimal time if you travel at a nominal speed for
underwater vehicles. One of the amazing things of this
project in the sense is really the interdisciplinary character
of the work. It involves fluid dynamics and ocean dynamics.
It involves advanced numerics and computational schemes.
And it involves a deep knowledge of estimation theory
and control theory in particular, and also applied
mathematics, in the sense of new equations that we have
derived. If you think about examples for this new theory and
algorithms that we developed the simplest one is the flow
behind and island. So you have an obstacle obviously the
underwater vehicles cannot go through the obstacle so
they have to avoid it. And they have eddies that form
behind the island and so they can utilize these eddies in
the most efficient way since the speed of the eddies can
be larger at times than that of the vehicle. Similarly if
you have underwater vehicles that are released from a
point and need to form a formation, lets say of a triangle,
and it's behind the exit of a strait, then you have eddies
that form and these vehicles are going to be entrained by
the eddies or at times avoid them, or at times go along the
flow in order to reach the goal at the end. Another
application is if  you try to discover ocean processies then
specific patterns allow you to extract the dynamics of the
flow. Finally you can have regions that are forbidden in the
ocean. So in that case it's not really an obstacle, the water
goes through the region but you don't want the vehicle to
go through that region for many different possible reasons.
These could be regions that vehicles would not go either
for a security reason or for pollution reasons etc..  And so
therefore we can add those as constraints and those
regions can change with time and in this case our
algorithm is also capable of dealing with this in an optimal
and rigorous, exact way. You could ask the question: Why is
this at all important, or;  why do we care about traveling
in optimal time or minimizing energy; or why do we care
to have all of these vehicles underwater? One of the
main reasons is that the battery of these underwater
vehicles is limited, meaning they cannot travel underwater
forever. There are also questions of bio-falling that can
damage the vehicles. So the concept of trying to
minimize energy or to travel from one point to another
point in optimal time if you travel at nominal speed is
very important for many different applications from
societal needs to fisheries to protection and security all
the way to Naval operation.

---

### Studying scientists with Pierre Azoulay
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDU-CM2k16c

Idioma: en

It's hard to understand how science works if you don't
understand how scientists act upon the incentives that
scientific institutions provide them. And that has been a
real challenge for research in this area because up until
the very recent past we tended to study science at the
level of aggregates, such as sometimes entire countries
or maybe universities. And fortunately advances in
IT [information technologies] and the Internet, Google
LinkedIn and so on, have now allowed us to put together
massive amounts of data on individual scientists, being
able to keep track of where they are across time and space
for long periods of time. And being able to measure
their productivity in a very precise way.
One thing that people have been wondering for a long
time is what are the costs and benefits of scientific
collaboration. It's a very interesting question, but it's a
very difficult one to ask because people do not choose
their collaborators at random. So, in this research what me
and my co-authors have done is to focus instead on the
question of: What's happening to individual scientists
when one of their prominent collaborators is in some sense
taken out of their network because he or she dies
suddenly and unexpectedly? And what we find is that the
productivity of those collaborators declines quite sharply,
but also never recovers, so it's sort of a permanent loss
in output. So that's sort of the first finding but what's
even more interesting is understanding the types of
collaborators that are more or less affected by this event.
And what we find is that, in some sense, is the entire
field around the extinct superstar that atrophies following
the death of this individual.
I don't have a clue. But I know how we should try to
find out. And there is one word: experiment. The project
of my life is to convince the scientific community that the
way to figure out how things work is to actually subject
our hypothesis to systematic, randomized, controlled
experiments. And that's something that scientists have
been typically very reluctant to do. They think that the
scientific method applies everywhere except to themselves.
And so what really is needed here is a change of mindset
where instead of just listening to a very accomplished
and a very well scientist to figure out what to do, we
actually use their ideas as potential hypothesis' and then
we subject them to very rigorous tests — just like we would
for a scientific experiment.
Mostly I like to spend some time with my daughters.
They are three and five and they bring me and my wife
a lot of joy, sometimes some heartache and some grey
hair, but mostly it's quite wonderful. The other think I like to
do is bike; in particular I've now become a bike commuter.
We have this wonderful new building at Sloan with showers
in the basement, so one thing I've really enjoyed doing
since the beginning of this school year is to actually bike
from my house in Newton to MIT every morning and back.

---

### Mysterious electron acceleration explained
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyWhOuAdbYM

Idioma: en

A fundamental problem in our exploration of the universe
is how hot electrons are produced.
That is because hot electrons can actually generate
x-rays and gamma rays that can we can image
by spacecraft telescopes.
Magnetic reconnection is one of the fundamental processes
that may be the cause of electron energization;
for instance, in coronal mass ejections (massive explosions
on the sun), a ton of hot electrons are produced.
The problem with magnetic reconnection for energizing
electrons is that it takes place in tiny, tiny regions
or that's been what we've been thinking so far.
Meanwhile, in our new simulations, we show now that
electric fields can be generated over huge regions,
accelerating electrons to relativistic energies, that could
be sufficient for producing the hot electrons observed.
The movie shoes the evolution of the acceleration potential,
parallel electric field, and the plasma density.
The overlaid black contours are the magnetic field lines
reconnecting. Most significant, the acceleration potential
reach a magnitude that create relativistic electrons over
a large spatial region; far larger than was observed before.
Furthermore, the movie also shows how the simulated
electron distributions provide a close match to distributions
recorded by spacecraft in the Earth magnetotail.

---

### Unique languages, universal patterns
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wIWiR9anx04

Idioma: en

Every language has a way
to mark the direct object
of a sentence.
It turns out that, being able
to mark the direct object
is critical to the
composition of the structure
and meaning of a sentence.
So in modern English, a direct
object is marked by word order.
So if you say, John ate pizza,
pizza, the direct object,
occurs right after the verb.
And so, word order marks the
direct object and the word
order is fixed.
In modern Japanese,
the direct object
is marked by case marking.
And so John ate
pizza, in Japanese is,
[SPEAKING JAPANESE],
is the direct object.
[SPEAKING JAPANESE],
is the case marker.
And so you can say, John
pizza ate, or you can say,
[SPEAKING JAPANESE],
Literally, pizza John ate.
And they both mean
the same thing.
And you have trouble
understanding the sentence,
because the direct
object and the subject
are marked with case marking.
So these are two ways in which
to mark the direct object, word
order as in modern
English, and case
marking as in modern Japanese.
What's interesting is that,
if you go back in history,
and look at old Japanese,
1,200 years ago,
old Japanese employed the same
system that modern English does
of using just word order
to mark direct object.
And so in old Japanese,
there was no pizza back then,
but let's say, I am thinking of
my wife, [SPEAKING JAPANESE],
wife occurs right next to
the verb, no case marking,
and so word order is fixed.
What's interesting is that,
if you look at English, so
modern English we know marks
direct object by word order,
if you go back roughly about the
same historical depth, and look
at old English, old English
employed the same system
that modern Japanese
does of marking
all direct object by case
marking, just like Latin.
And so old Japanese and
modern English marks direct
object by word order.
Old English and modern
Japanese marks direct
object by case marking.

---

### Making Nanodroplets Drop Faster
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-aYV0DDuak

Idioma: en

What you're seeing in this video is a highly magnified view
of water droplet condensation on a cool nanostructured
surface, kind of like dew formation on a cool spring morning
The surface is special in that it consists of an array
of very small silicon nanopillars, which are spaced
two microns apart, are six microns tall, and are
zero point three microns thick, or about
three hundred times thinner than human hair.
The pillars are chemically coated to be hydrophobic,
which means water-hating. This allows the growing droplets
to merge and easily jump from the surface, which results
in much more efficient heat transfer.
If you look closely, you'll notice that some droplets
are very round, and some are balloon-shaped, with
a stretched neck at the bottom. The round ones
form and grow on the tips of pillars, while the
ballon shapes grow from inside the pillared array.
What we're studying is the growth difference between
these two droplet types: the faster droplets grow, the more
heat they can carry away before jumping, which is
actually very important for many industrial applications,
such as steam power plant condensers,
evaporation-based desalination plants, and
solar collectors. Our findings show that contrary to
previous intuition, these ballon-shaped droplets are
highly favorable for efficient condensation, since they
grow six times faster than drops sitting on the pillar tops.
In the future, we plan to leverage this new information
to create highly efficient, scalable condensing surfaces.

---

### Moving past trial-and-error with Richard Braatz
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xG0NU97EO8k

Idioma: en

Applied mathematics is the application of mathematics
to solve some sort of problem of importance, typically
in science or engineering.  It is a bit different in pure
mathematics, in the sense that pure mathematics will
try to understand something theoretical purely for its own
intrinsic interest. Now many of that work in pure
mathematics may eventually have applications, but in
pure mathematics you're not necessarily really trying to
directly address some kind of problem.  In applied
mathematics you typically have some sort of problem that
can be solved much more efficiently by using some sort of
theoretical approach, or mathematical approach. So
typically you use mathematics to build some sort of model
of the system, and you use that model to gain
understanding of the system or to predict its behavior, so
you can use that model in designing a better system,
for example.
I mainly apply mathematics to improving the efficiency of
manufacturing processes. The particular type of
mathematics that I work on involves what is known as
control theory, which is the control of particular systems –
basically to make systems do what you want them to do.
The particular type of manufacturing processes that I
work on involve bringing molecules together in just the
right way to form some high-value-added product. The
kinds of specific applications that I look at include
pharmaceutical manufacturing - making pure
pharmaceuticals, or to have higher efficacy; systems
nanotechnology where we try to develop new
nanotechnology devices. As well as micro-processes, such
as micro-electronics.
I like to exercise. Primarily bicycling, cross-country skiing
and walking. I really enjoy doing this either in the
Massachusetts area, or in southern Vermont and
New Hampshire because there's lots of parks in the area
with lots of hills and lots of trails. And they're pretty
heavily under-utilized so you have a lot of time to think
about what you're doing, and what kind of work and ideas,
but you can also chit-chat with colleagues who go off with
me. But most of the time I don't have the time to go all
the way out there so I just commute to work and back either
bicycling or walking.

---

### Harnessing nature's solar cells
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EeRSQUw4qp4

Idioma: en

Leaves and plants are nature's solar panels the first step
in photosynthesis is to change sunlight into a little bit
of electricity, that then, gets converted into the processes
of life. If we manage to somehow hijack the molecules that
are responsible for photosynthesis in plants and other
photosynthetic organisms, and use them to generate
electricity for our own needs, this would represent a
fantastic and disruptive new step in the way we generate
solar power or electricity in general. So imagine if the raw
material for a solar panel would be something that you
normally think of as trash, and you actually pay people to
take away. Imagine that your grass clippings can become
the active ingredient in a solar panel that you can create
in your own home. The way that you would do it is take
something green and extract the protein that is at the
center of photosynthesis. That is not very hard, it's not as
hard as it sounds anyway; the hard part is once you've
extracted this protein, how do you stabilize it and how do
you make sure that it still continues operating - continues
living, in a sense - inside of a solar panel,  while normally
it is used to living inside of a plant. That is a problem that
we have attacked here at the lab, and after many years of
research we've managed to make the process of extracting
this protein and stabilizing it and putting it on a surface
that is made in a way that allows for a photovoltaic
effect to happen, to be very easy. So the dream is to
eventually be able to send people just the stabilizing
powder that is benign and inexpensive and entirely easy
to work with and has a long shelf-life and doesn't mind
being transported by truck over un-improved roads.
And then all the people who would be interested in doing
this have to do is find some kind of substrate, some kind of
piece of metal, let's say this, or a piece of glass, and use
any of the various protocols that we have described into
making this a little rougher so it has a higher surface area,
so they can capture more light and have higher efficiency,
soak it in the green goo that they've added the stabilizing
peptides to, and that's basically it. After that you can connect
a couple wires and charge a battery, use it to illuminate
something - you've got electricity from the sunlight.
And the idea is because we have lowered the difficulty
involved in making solar power that we're going to allow
crowds, and one hopes thousands of people, to try it
and figure out what works for them and what local materials
they can find, perhaps in their backyard or they can find it
in the junkyard, what works for them to become not only
consumers of electricity but also producers of electricity
for themselves. And if they are really good at it they can
start selling it to others.

---

### Michael Demkowicz - Extreme materials
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9m_DB71RQ8

Idioma: en

My name is Michael
Demkowicz and I
am a new professor at material
science and engineering
here at MIT.
And I work on
designing materials
for extreme environments.
Extreme environments
are instances
of extremely high temperature
or high stresses, radiation
damage, all kinds of
grueling conditions
under which materials have
to survive, especially
in energy applications.
My work focuses on
designing materials
to withstand extreme
environments.
Conventional engineering
alloys sustain severe damage
when irradiated.
But specially designed
nanocomposites
that contain a very high
volume fraction of interfaces
can absorb damage as
it's being created,
recombine it, and cause
the material to self-heal.
The movie that you're
seeing is showing
how we do that in the
case of radiation damage.
That means that
a material that's
operating under
extreme environments
and contains these
sorts of interfaces
is not going to
become more brittle.
It's not going to
corrode as fast.
It will be able to
remain in operation
for a longer period of time
and operate in a reliable way.

---

### Bob Weinberg and cancer
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00HN7CAsvSk

Idioma: en

I'm Bob Weinberg.
I have a laboratory here
at the Whitehead Institute.
And I'm a professor
of biology at MIT.
I've been at MIT on
and off since 1960.
So it's been a good run.
My laboratory has
worked for many years
on trying to figure out how
normal cells become cancerous,
and therefore how they begin
to multiply to create tumors,
primary tumors that
are arising in one
or another part of the body.
But ultimately, from the point
of view of clinical medicine,
the process of metastasis,
that is the spreading of cancer
cells throughout the body,
is far more important,
because it's the
metastasis at distant sites
in the body, which
kill about 90%
of cancer patients,
not the primary tumors.
And so for the past
five years, we've
been looking into the
mechanisms by which
cancer cells, in
a primary tumor,
acquire the ability to
invade into adjacent tissues,
and then to spread to
distant sites in the body.
Inside most tumors are
so-called cancer stem cells,
that fueled the
growth of the tumors.
And what we discovered was
that when cancer cells become
aggressive, and invasive,
and highly malignant,
they also take on many of
the properties of cancer stem
cells, the ability
to self-renew,
and to spawn vast
numbers of progeny.
And so high grade
malignancy turns out
to be a very dangerous
disease, both
because cancer cells can
spread, and because they
acquire the ability
to proliferate
to an unlimited extent.

---

### Bill Gates - Bright minds and big problems
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_mgBvZkba0

Idioma: en

Are the brightest minds working
on the most important problems?
And to the degree that they're
not, how can we increase that,
which I think would
make a huge difference?
I, myself, did not go
through some rational process
of picking what I
wanted to work on
based on it ranking high
on some list I wrote down
of great problems.
I fell into what I ended up
doing as my full-time career.
And I feel good that
that work actually
led to a broad industry that
has been incredibly empowering.
These important problems,
there's reasons to believe we
can make progress.
But that rate of progress will
be somewhat proportional to how
we draw people in.
My dream is that, say a few
years from now I'll go off
and I'll have a weekend and
instead of talking about March
Madness and stock
prices, we'll have
these brackets about
the best teaching,
and which ideas have been
tried, teen teaching, online,
and we'll be comparing
which should really come out
with the best outcomes.
And then we'll talk about food
and, you know, the best seeds,
the new agricultural
practices that are
increasing this productivity.
And we'll have that same kind
of excitement and understanding
that we have about other topics.
And if we really
did that, yes, we
might delay the invention
of a new financial product
by a few years.
But if it helps on the
important problems,
I think it's a good thing.
[APPLAUSE]

---

### President Obama at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnIlVOAspb8

Idioma: en

O, say can you see, by
the dawn's early light
what so proudly we hailed at
the twilight's last gleaming.
We are privileged to
welcome to the Commonwealth
and to MIT, the President
of the United States
of America, Barack Obama.
Thank you.
Now Dr. Moniz is also the
director of MIT'S Energy
Initiative, called MITEI, and
he and President Hockfield
just showed me some of
the extraordinary energy
research being conducted at
this Institute-- windows that
generate electricity
by directing light
to solar cells, lightweight,
high-powered batteries that
aren't built, but are grown.
That was neat stuff.
Engineering viruses
to create batteries.
So this thing is not moving,
now the light beams down--
Exactly.
Go down on the solar
cell and start spinning.
Exactly.
More efficient
lighting systems that
rely on nanotechnology,
innovative engineering that
will make it
possible for offshore
wind power plants to
deliver electricity,
even when the air is still.
And it's a reminder
that all of you
are heirs to a
legacy of innovation,
not just here,
but across America
that has improved our
health and our well-being
and helped us achieve
unparalleled prosperity.
I was telling John and
Devall on the ride over here,
you just get excited
being here and seeing
these extraordinary
young people and
the extraordinary leadership
of Professor Hockfield,
because it taps into something
essential about America.
It's the legacy of
daring men and women
who put their talents
and their efforts
into the pursuit of discovery.
And it's the legacy
of a nation that
supported those intrepid
few willing to take risks
on an idea that might fail, but
might also change the world.
Countries on every
corner of this earth
now recognize that
energy supplies
are growing scarcer, energy
demands are growing larger,
and rising energy use
imperils the planet we will
leave to future generations.
That's why the
world is now engaged
in a peaceful competition to
determine the technologies that
will power the 21st century.
From China to India,
from Japan to Germany,
nations everywhere are
racing to develop new ways
to produce and use energy.
The nation that wins
this competition
will be the nation that
leads the global economy.
I'm convinced of that.
And I want America
to be that nation.
It's that simple.

---

### Leveraged Freedom Chair (LFC)
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIJ-BB2eb3E

Idioma: en

[MUSIC PLAYING]
I don't know how to describe it.
But it's quite useful, and you
might say it's a life-saver
for those who are more
active wheelchair users,
those who want to participate
in different [? excursions ?]
like--
The leverage freedom
chair is a mobility aid
specifically designed
for developing countries.
It has a variable mechanical
advantage lever drive
train that enables
its user to travel
10% to 20% faster on tarmac
than a conventional wheelchair,
and off-road like no other
mobility aid available.
The user effectively
changes gears
by simply moving his hands
on the levers-- grasping
high increases leverage,
while grasping low increases
rotational speed.
Human upper body
power outputs were
used to optimize the drive train
geometry for high performance
on a wide range of terrains.
All moving parts on the LFC are
made from bicycle components,
making the chair
manufacturable and repairable
anywhere in the
developing world.
From August 2009
to January 2010,
six LFC prototypes were
trialed by mobility aid
users in East Africa.
The trial confirmed that the
LFC is more capable off-road
than any other product, and
that people with disabilities
from many demographics produce
more power with less exertion
using the leverage drive train.
Oh, yeah.
Yeah, the LFC is very
useful in the village,
because there are some places
that you can't use a vehicle,
and it's expensive.
So it's easier to use.
I can now visit my
friends in that village
without difficulty, with a
little bit of assistance,
where there are rough roads now.
Under a $50,000 grant from
the Inter-American Development
Bank, the next generation LFC
will be developed, prototyped,
and trialed in Guatemala
starting in the spring of 2010.
This grant will facilitate
the testing of 30 LFCs
with Guatemalan
wheelchair users,
as well as support
the development
of production tooling
to manufacture
the LFC on a large scale.
[MUSIC PLAYING]

---

### MIT's Jeffrey Grossman - Solving energy problems, one molecule at a time
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0p5uecZ_p5M

Idioma: en

Materials science and engineering is a highly
inter-disciplinary field. It's a combination of physics,
chemistry, processing, manufacturing, biology and all sorts
of fields in engineering combined together with the goal
of understanding what makes a material tick; what makes it
perform, function and behave  the way it does. And then, it's
using  that understanding to try to make new materials
perform in different ways.
This is a really exciting time to be a materials scientist
because many of the biggest challenges that we face in the
world, at their core, the solution to those is going
to be a choice in material.  In my research what we do is
we use computation to understand and design new
materials with improved properties and better performance
primarily for applications in energy conversion and
energy storage. It's a really exciting time because there
is a convergence of three factors; one is we have these
challenges that we face in the world, like clean energy,
clean water and so forth.  Another is that we can now
really make materials in a way that we never could before,
we can control them all the way down to the scale of the
atom; and then the third is that we have the computational
capabilities. The speed and the algorithms have been
developed enough so that we can actually tackle materials'
design all the way from the scale of the atoms up to
the scale of the devices.
Well first of all it's my wife and my three wonderful little
children who I love to spend time with. Every day when I
leave the house and when I come home they remind me
that I feel like I've won the jackpot. Apart from that, I also
love to dance and I used to do competitive ballroom
dancing, as well as a lot of different club dances.
And the reason I love it is because no matter what's
going on in your life, no matter what kind of day you've
had, once you cut loose on the dance-floor you're going
to crack a smile and everyone else is having fun too. It's a
really fun way for me to take a break.

---

### MIT's Polina Golland - The quantifier
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnxFy8V1-e8

Idioma: en

Medical image analysis is taking images and
extracting information at a much higher level
then you would get from the numbers and the images.
So for example, a doctor might care about where a
particular organ is located exactly in preparation for
surgery; how the disease affects the anatomy;
what's common and what's different among people in
a population, looking at their medical scans.
We have several projects in the group right now that
all take large collections of medical images and
build computational models of common anatomy in a
population; how that anatomy changes due to a particular
disease. By characterizing anatomical changes, for example
in the brain induced by a neurodegenerantive disease, we
can start understanding how the disease starts, progresses
and affects the brain.
I love snowboarding in the winter. I dance throughout
the year and I have a 2-year-old who is delightful
she keeps me busy and entertained.

---

### Visualizing video at the speed of light — one trillion frames per second
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtsXgODHMWk

Idioma: en

We have built a virtual, slow-motion camera,
where we can see photons, or light particles, moving
through space. Now you have seen Doc Edgerton's
pictures of a bullet through an apple.
But photons travel about a million times faster
than bullets. So our camera can see these photons,
or bullets of light, traveling through space.
We use a very regular pulsed light source
and a camera, that is not one camera, but an array
of five hundred sensors, each triggered at a
trillionth-of-a second-delay.
So, even though each of our sensors is slow, we
can still capture fast movie.
I'm standing next to our laboratory setup here.
This is our camera, objectives in the front here.
The body of the camera is much larger than what
you would expect from a regular camera,
like the one over here.
Our light source is a titanium-sapphire laser
that's over here, and emits a beam of very, very
short pulses, and those pulses are then directed to
the seam [pause] with these mirrors.
Now, our camera only sees one dimension
so it makes a fast movie, but it makes a fast movie
of one line of the scene only
And in order to fix that, we have these two
mirrors here. We look at the scene via these two
mirrors, and when we rotate this upper mirror here
we actually see different lines of the scene.
So, what's happening is, the camera keeps taking
images and we very slowly rotate this mirror
to scan our field of view across the entire scene.
And because all of our pulses look the same,
we can, in the end, go and combine all of these
images that we took to get one complete movie
of the scene.
Such a camera may be useful in medical imaging
in industrial or scientific use, and in the future
even for consumer photography.
In medical imaging, now we can do ultrasound with
light, because we can analyze how light will scatter
one-dimentionally inside the body.
In industrial imaging, one can use the scattered light
to analyze defects in materials.
And in consumer photography, we are always
fascinated with creating lighting effects that appear
to come from very sophisticated light sources.
But, because we can watch photons seemingly
moving through the space, we can analyze the
transport, the movement, of these photons and
create new photographs as if we had created
those expensive light sources in a studio.

---

### Doing double duty: MIT's Collin Stultz
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUfTsorZnHU

Idioma: en

My work really deals with solving medical
problems using computation. So we look at what I like
to think of as 'hard problems' that you couldn't answer
by experiment alone. That you have to use some
sort of computation to try to get deeper insights into
what's happen into disease mechanisms.
So, the way that I guess I would categorize our work
and the projects that we're are involved in are in two
big groups: Working on big things and small things.
Big things being the things you can look at with the
naked eye. Small things are the things that you can't
see with the naked eye and you need additional tools
to garner some insights. Most of our work is on the
small side, so that means looking at proteins, DNA,
biomolecules that are involved in human disease
and trying to understand how subtle changes in their
shape can affect disease mechanisms.
On the large end of the spectrum, no longer talking
about the small things, but the things one can see
with the naked eye, the thing that I do that is most
closely related to my clinical area of expertise
is looking at electrocardiographic data from people
who have had heart attacks, and trying to predict who's
going to die and who's going to live.
So, I am an avid New York Yankees fan, and I love to
watch baseball, so I am happiest when baseball
season is around, because it is a great distraction.
Sitting there and rooting for your favorite pitcher
against your hated team, the Red Sox, let's say.
And, when baseball season is not here, I recently
have gotten into football.
When I was younger, I used to play the trumpet.
I played that for a long time, I haven't picked that up
in a few years, but I've started to pick up the guitar,
the acoustic guitar, and I'm trying to teach myself that.
So, the majority of the time, when I'm not working or
thinking about work, I think that's enough activities
to keep me out of trouble.

---

### MIT's Mentor Advocate Partnership (MAP) Program
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNXJmlCCOZ8

Idioma: en

Mentoring is natural
to the human condition.
I'm sharing this
as a disclaimer,
because even though we'll
be looking at the research
findings and techniques
to use, mentoring even
goes back beyond The Odyssey
and the work of Homer.
Throughout the ages, we've
always addressed and respected
the wisdom of the ages.
My name is Antonio
Perry, and I'm
one of the program coordinators
in the Office of Minority
Education here at MIT, and I
am responsible for a couple
of programs.
One of them is the mentor
advocate partnership program,
also known as MAP.
MAP is a mentoring
initiative that we
have in our office
that's designed
to serve first- and
second-year students as they
enter into the Institute.
They are matched
with a mentor who
could be faculty,
staff, PhD candidate,
or post-doctoral here
at the Institute.
The things that we do are
not just some matching thing
where we just pair you up with
a mentor and then say go play.
We actually have
measurables, and we
have a program that is looking
to be funded concretely
by the Institute.
It was originally
a grant program,
so we're moving onto
Institute funds.
So we do actually
have objectives,
which you'll hear about today.
MAP initially begin
as a holistic program,
which is designed to address
students' needs as they develop
academically, professionally,
and personally.
But really at the core of
MAP is a sincere and trusting
relationship that develops
between the mentor
and the protege.
I was definitely
looking for someone
who I could talk to and
connect with more than someone
who I could just go to and
like, oh, my GPA is this.
It just felt so
mechanical to me,
and I'm such a people person.
So it's really important
to me to have someone who
I could do fun activities with.
We can work out together,
because both of us like sports
and like working out,
and then we can also just
go and get coffee together.
Our mentors often ask, well,
how long does this program last?
And I tell them all the time,
it officially last two years,
but ultimately the
goal is for you
to develop a lasting
relationship that will support
the students through their
time here at the Institute
and potentially beyond.
Elise was a perfect match.
And I could just tell by talking
to her for the first-- was it
three minutes that we had them?
It's a two year program,
but with the bond Elise
and I have made, it's going
to be a lifetime-type thing.
Even after she graduates
and everything,
she means a lot to me, and I
love spending time with her.
So She might be finishing
the MAP program,
but to me it's not really
that big of a deal,
because I know I'll see her.
Well, I really am looking
forward to the opportunity
to interact with students on
a really more personal level,
to give them an outlet that's
outside of the classroom
to connect with
somebody in real life.
Are you excited to meet
your mentor tonight?
Yeah.
I'm really excited for today.
MAP's motto that
was recent developed
is catalyzing connections.
Not only do we want the students
to connect with their mentor
and build a support
network, we want
them to also connect with their
peers across the Institute,
build connections that way.
And also eventually as they
move into the second year
of the program, connect with
their academic department
as well.
Every time I've seen
you you're smiling.
Because I take seven
classes, I work,
and I have a year for pay.
So that means that
I'm kind of busy.
I feel like there's just a much
deeper connection, because we
actually understand
each other, and it's not
a purely academic thing.
And it's really helpful
at MIT, because everything
is purely academic, except
this is like a fun breather,
because it gets to just be fun.

---

### Caspar Hare - How we (should) decide
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idUimJpx5b4

Idioma: en

So there are certain kinds of
questions that have answers,
like what is the
capital of Botswana
or like what is the largest
prime less than a billion.
And then there are
certain kinds of questions
that are too vague to
imprecisely formulate
it to have correct answers,
like what is the meaning of life
or why is it that things exist.
Philosophy is all
about addressing
questions that lie at
the boundary of these two
categories.
Questions that may at
first look as if they
are too vague or
imprecisely formulated
to have answers, and trying to
make progress towards answering
these kinds of questions.
It is, to put it in
a grand way, it's
about exploring the
boundaries of the thinkable.
The kinds of questions that
have interested me and excited
me recently have
concerned rationality.
So many people like to
think that they're rational,
but what is it to be rational?
How hard is it to be rational?
I've been developing
a view according
to which it's much
harder than we ordinarily
think to be rational.
Again, a grand way
of putting it is
to say that this
is the culmination
of a 2000-year-old research
program in philosophy, which
is aiming to derive
requirements of morality
from requirements
of rationality.
I'm a pioneer in the extreme
sport of skydive juggling,
which is harder than it sounds
and you need very precisely
weighted balls, that's in
the possible world in which I
don't have children.
In this world, I
do have children.
And I spent most
of my spare time
hanging out with them, which is
great-- far superior to skydive
juggling.

---

### MIT-Pfizer Groundbreaking
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tg1EEnA9udQ

Idioma: en

Good morning, everyone. Good
morning, and welcome. It's an
exciting day. Ladies and
gentlemen welcome to the latest
expansion of our efforts in bio-
medicine in Cambridge. Today
Kendall Square has more biotech
and IT firms, per square mile,
than any place on the planet.
So that's why we are absolutely
delighted that Kendall Square
will now be home to Pfizer
research labs. Pfizer doesn't
begin today its collaboration
with MIT our work with Pfizer
stretches back well over a
decade. Pfizer has supported MIT
students, and faculty, and
researchers on projects led by
some of our most distinguished
faculty. Here in the Commonwealth,
and maybe this is my most
important point to the folks
from Pfizer, we are about
inventing, and shaping our own
future not leaving entirely to
chance what we want our out-
comes to be. Not waiting for
better times, but shaping our
own tomorrows. To be situated
here at Kendall Square allows
Pfizer to draw, and contribute
to great students in the life
sciences and technology. To, "draw,"
and, "contribute" are very
important, key words for us
because together we have the
ability and potential to change
the course of human diseases.
This is a great day in the city of
Cambridge. This innovation will
have a positive impact on the
city of Cambridge. The Kendall
Square Innovation District in
the Commonwealth. We welcome
the fact that this development
will bring new construction jobs,
new research jobs, and new tax
revenues to Cambridge. When
coupled with the fact that MIT
scientists and Pfizer's
researchers will now be in such
close proximity as they work
together on health solutions,
it is a promising initiative for
each of us. When we started this
work we didn't think it was
enough to simply have a Cambridge
zip code, we wanted to be right
here. And our vision was we can
walk across the street, we won't
even worry in February about
putting our coat on to do so.
And I think we've achieved that
in this location. I have children
and grandchildren, as well as
a sister and a bunch of cousins
who have children and grand-
children of their own; not to
mention the families of all the
other alzheimer's patients. If
there's anything I can do to
keep this wolf away from their
door I ought to do it, and that's
why I'm so happy to see Pfizer
joining here. Welcome, and good
luck.

---

### Seeing through walls - MIT's Lincoln Laboratory
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5xmo7iJ7KA

Idioma: en

Hi my name is Greg Charvat and today we are going
to look through solid concrete walls.
We've developed a phased array radar system
that can look through solid concrete walls.
Our objective is to aid the urban war fighter
to increase his situational awareness.
Rather than using visible light to look through walls,
which is not very effective, we instead use a microwave
wavelength of approximately 10 centimeters.
We radiate a very small signal from this phased array radar
into this solid concrete wall over here.
Of the radiation that we emit at the wall, only point six percent
of that actually gets through the wall itself.
Now, what little energy scatters off the humans behind the wall
has to then go back through the wall.
When it goes back through the wall it again loses
99.4 percent of that energy that was scattered
off the humans, and now this extremely
weak signal comes back through the wall
towards our radar where we receive it.
So what the radar does is it virtually simulates 44 beam
combinations along the aperture of the radar. So what the
national instruments board does, is it actually controls the
switching pattern of those beams and forms a continuous
virtual array of 44 beams which gives us this linear
aperture. And all those beam combinations and beam
samples are then A to D'd [analog to digital]
and acquired by that gaming PC fed into the
imaging algorithms and then displaying in the
user interface that was created to visualize that ten frames
per second of the target scene behind the wall.
Our antenna is made up of lots of little antennas. It's a piece
of printed circuit board, it happens to be white, and it has
these gold traces here, OK, that are conductive.
What happens is there is a piece of coax cable like your
cable television cable, that's soldered to the back of this antenna
and it feeds a microwave signal from our transmitter and
that signal is radiated outward across these two gold-plated
metal traces. And that signal propagates then through free
space to the wall, off the targets and then back.
For the receive antenna, what happens is, microwave energy comes in
to this antenna and is collected all the way down to the back
here and fed into a coax cable where we discriminate and
analyze it digitally later. This is the transmit chassis which
basically sends signals out.
Those are real signals in real time.
So when this one is high this is what's received and
then this is just it resetting itself so right now you see
little signals being received because its going
through the wall and back.
Now the radar does not see things as we humans see things.
This radar image is a top-down view
it's the image plane is in the range away from the radar versus
cross range, across the radar. So what you're seeing is
actual location away from and across.
Currently,  when you look at some of the data
from this radar system, what you
see is a little red blob when you have one target behind the wall.
When you have two, you'll see two red blobs and the
blobs move around. What we would like to do in the near
future is we want to implement a detection algorithm
where instead of seeing the blobs you'd see little crosses or squares.

---

### Ramesh Raskar: Super-human vision
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXaRPMDmoDs

Idioma: en

I'm fascinated by the idea of super-human vision
and I want to create super-human abilities to visually
interact with the world — with cameras that can
see the unseen, and displays that can sense the altar of reality.
How can we create cameras that can look around
corners, or create cameras that can casually look
inside the body. Or convert mobile phones into
diagonistic care devices that can be promoted in
remote parts of the world.
So, I'm really excited about creating unique, and
unsually imaging platforms that have an
understanding of the world that far exceeds human
ability, but then we can meaningfully abstract and
synthesize something that's well within
human comprehensibility.
During my PhD at UNC-Chapel Hill, my research
was about inventively using projectors for
large-format displays, augmented reality, and mobility.
At MERL, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories
here in Cambridge, my work was about computational
photography, pocket projectors — which resulted in
over forty patents and also novel products.
I came to MIT because I want to invent new fields.
And here, I am embarking on ambitious projects to
invent and create novel imaging platforms.
In life, it's often about the small things.
So I am actually writing a book on 'sweat the small stuff'
And it's about clever and efficient tricks to live
a good life. And even from students — they often write
blogs and documents on, you know how to do research
how to invent, even how to attend a conference.
But the book is really about travel, relationships and money and so on.
On the other hand, my passion is about
working with NGOs [non-governmental organizations]
and I do that, in part, because I am a world citizen,
and growing up in India, I understood the tremendous
role the absence or presence of technolgy can play in these places.

---

### Heather Paxson - The anthropologist and the person
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCoPwTopGqA

Idioma: en

I came to anthropology
by way of archeology.
When I was a child
I grew up thinking
that I was going to be a
classical archaeologist
and discover unknown
civilizations
and traces of the past.
And when I got to college,
I took archeology classes,
as well as cultural
anthropology courses.
Anthropology focuses on
contemporary cultures,
while archeology studies
cultures of the past.
And I took the
archaeological field school
over a summer in
Southern Illinois
and spent an entire
summer finding
evidence of a wooden Palisade
fence from soil stains,
from changes in the
coloration of the soil,
and that was our goal
for the entire summer.
Meanwhile I was learning about
social theory, and feminism,
and gender and everyday
power dynamics,
and I realized that the
questions I wanted to explore I
had to talk to people to do,
so I studied anthropology.
And what I love
about anthropology
is it gives us tools
to understand meaning
or to make sense of the most
mundane aspects of our lives
so my undergraduate
thesis was ethnography
of a Dunkin' Donuts.
And I explored how people
use that public space
for friendships
and for use of time
that they just couldn't
carve out anywhere else.
I often say that working at
MIT as a social scientist
is the best of both worlds.
We have the resources of
a research institution,
but our classes are almost
like teaching at a liberal arts
college, and so far as
our seminars are small.
The students get
to know each other
and the discussion
is really rich,
and they're able to make
connections between our texts
and their own life experiences,
which are very diverse here
at MIT.
And as an anthropologist,
that's really
fun to witness and to help with.
In addition to being
a professor at MIT,
I'm a mother of a six-year-old.
And between those
two jobs, there's
very little time that
I would consider free,
but I do enjoy it very much
spending time with my family,
exploring new places, whether
it's foreign travel or just
a neighborhood in Boston
we've never walked around.
I do enjoy cooking,
and entertaining,
and sharing meals with
friends and family.

---

### Cardiac patches of gold
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbF3PFrejqc

Transcrição não disponível

---

### MIT Media Lab: 3-D printing with variable densities
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nFyuxGEhzY

Idioma: en

My name is Steven Keating and I am a
graduate research assistant here in the Mediated
Matter Group at the MIT Media Lab.
Behind me is one of our test platforms for 3-D
printing here. It's a robotic arm, and by attaching
different extruder heads, we can test out different
material combinations and designs.
3-D printing was invented at MIT and it is a
manufacturing technology, which allows one to
generate complex three-dimensional forms
by laying down successive layers of material
one on top of the other. Our goal here at the
Mediated Matter Group is to explore processes
for digital fabrication, like 3-D printing, that are
inspired by nature, with the belief that we're going
to emerge on the other side generating and making
things that are more efficient and more effective.
For instance, right now, it has a modified maker
bot head on it, which prints ABS plastic making parts
like this. We can attach different heads though, for
instance this is a high-density polyethylene head and
we can put in cut-up milk jugs and actually print
with recycled plastic. Or, we are looking at working
with concrete, and making extruder heads that
can control the density of the concrete as it comes out
Here is a sample which shows a functional gradient
of density in concrete. So, as we move from the rim to
the core, we see actually a decrease in density from
a solid structure to a much more cellular structure.
This is the same thing you'd see in bones or palm trees
and is actually a much more efficient structure in
terms of weight and strength.
So at the end, we are really interested in bringing
together the industrial world and the natural world
to generate 3-D printing platforms that are
biologically inspired. And for us, that means 3-D
printing materials that can vary in properties that
over space but also over time.

---

### The Interphase Program at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Guqt6p1R35c

Idioma: en

My name is Chang and I am a physics facilitator for
the interphase program for the 2011 class
basically what Interphase is, it's just a preparatory
stage for incoming freshman to prepare for work at MIT
the workload versus their high school experience.
interphase is open to all admitted MIT students
any student can apply to Interphase.
Unfortunately, we are not able to serve all students
who apply but we do encourage all students to apply,
and again it is open to all students.
Students typically arrive on Sunday.
Then starting Monday morning, they go through a welcome
session from the different departments around MIT
Then they start into the rigors by lunchtime.
At lunchtime, they will go through Athena training
then they'll start taking knowledge-based
assessment exams, and they take three
knowledge-based assessment exams,
one in chemistry, one in calculus, and one in physics
and this is just to place them in the appropriate
courses that we offer over the summer during Interphase
so, they hit the ground running, it's very intense
from day one — classes start within four days of
arriving on MIT's campus, so it's a quick
turnaround. We have very high expectations of
these students and we know they can handle that.
Well it's been a really good opportunity for me, like,
it's getting to know the campus and knowing
where everything is, and, finding how everything
relates to everything else, in terms of grades
and, like, classwork and how hard the actual work is
cause, coming from high school, it's much easier than here.
And it's been a godsend for me, because
my high school was not on MIT's level
and the work was, it was nothing compared to this
so, getting used to doing the PSETs and asking for help
and not knowing what's going on, and then
figuring out how to figure that out was
a lot of work in the beginning but I think
that I've gotten somewhere because of Interphase
So, in addition to Tammy and myself
in terms of all the staff that we have working on the
Interphase program, current MIT students play
an important role in that. They serve as facilitators
essentially, they work with the students on the
specific subjects, whether it be chemistry,
physics, or humanities, or calc[ulus].
I found this to be a wonderful experience
both as a TA and a student when I participated
last summer, it definitely helped me prepare
for this year, like a natural MIT course would.
Interphase has really helped me because here
I was able to not only be prepared for what I'm
going to expect in the fall, when I actually get
to come to class and stuff, but I also am prepared
like, i am going to have a group of friends that I
am really close to, and I've also learned, through
mandatory fun, that there's much more to MIT
than just studying hard, and it's OK to take breaks, and it's really helped me.
And those connections that I make during Interphase
they are still my friends, even after Interphase
is over. So that's the experience i'll never forget.

---

### MIT Edgerton Center - Summer Engineering Design Workshop
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLG3-9oeMOQ

Idioma: en

Ed Moriarty, I'm an instructor
here at the MIT Edgerton Center,
and for the past eight to ten
years I've been doing a lot of
work with outreach in high schools
and some middle schools,
focused on science, technology,
engineering and math. Although I
really believe in art to be in
there too. The thing that we've
been doing recently here, an
outgrowth of many years of
activities is the Engineering
Design Workshop. Now, the
Engineering Design Workshop
that we run here, usually during
the month of July, is the
opportunity for local area high
school students to come to MIT
and really get their fingers
dirty with fun, engineering
design problems. The engineering
class is a four week class and
students meet here for three
hours a day. For the first week,
most of the teams are choosing
projects and brainstorming ideas
and we also do some mini lessons
on some physics and relevant
science and engineering topics
for the projects. But then, by
the third and fourth week the
students are completely engaged
in building the project. So they
come in, in the morning, start
working, and they work straight
through and sometimes wind up
staying much later than the
normal ending time of the class.
What I like about the camp was
the building because I get to
get my ideas across and pretty
much build what I want.
I'm making an electric cello.
I started playing cello when I
was four years old and I just
wanted to bring the two things
I love the most, music and
engineering, together and that's
why I'm building this electric
cello. This is the body of the
cello, and I just carved out the
sides, and I'm sanding it down
with brass-brindled sandpaper.
Now the format we take is very
different from any other place
I've seen it done. The format we
have is: I recruit MIT students
who I know to be interested in
hands-on, project based learning
and I challenge them to think of
a few, you know two or three
projects that they find really
fun to do personally.
. . . Rear axel. And we're going
to drill them with the full-sized
bit now, that was just a test. . .
Ed Moriarty has been teaching
this class, in some form, for
many more years than I have and
he's really been the inspiration
for making the class go in a
student-driven direction where
the students choose the projects.
The students do the work. And,
the students get the accomplish-
meant of finishing the project.
And, Ed puts in a ton of time to
making sure that everyone has a
positive experience and also that
everyone is always learning while
their doing so.
This summer I was a mentor for
the Engineering Design Camp,
and what that basically meant was
I was sort of an advisor rather
than a teacher. So the kids had
the projects that they were
working on and I would just
help them, like, "Oh so you want
to do this? Well, here are a
couple of ways we can do this,
and which one would you prefer?
And, I can help you get started
on it."
After a while what you have is
MIT students who are really
interested in a few things, and
high school students starting
to be innovative around different
technologies.
. . . Like, they let us build
what we want. It's really
awesome. A lot of people have
some really cool things, like
that bird, that's pretty cool!
We try to create a very special,
collaborative environment. We
don't, so much, teach them but
we instruct them. We teach them
how to use tools, but they come
up with an idea and they come up
with something that they want to
accomplish and we all work
together to accomplish it.
Hopefully then we teach them
soft skills, the cooperation,
what they can do when they work
together as engineers. And we
try to instill in them a love of
engineering and also really an
appreciation for how much they
can accomplish when they work
together and hopefully they bring
it back to their schools and the
whole thing spreads. I think a
bunch of them learned about the
word, "compromise" which is a
very important lesson to have in
life. I don't feel I knew them
well enough the way they were
before to see exactly how much
they've changed now, but I do
think they have learned that you
have to compromise. They all
have alpha type personalities,
so it is a good thing that
they've learned that sometimes
you need to take a step back and
let somebody else have the light.
Or, at least both of you come
together and find a third
solution, which will probably
turn out even better than the
first two.
The focus here isn't so much
teaching them electronics and
all those things. It's on giving
every kid exposure to something
that's just outside their normal
range of activities. So where we
lose a little on the quality of
instruction we gain in the
everyone knows that everyone is
trying something new. Even the
MIT students are known to be
trying something new. And the
high school students see them
actually being challenged to do
something that is beyond what
they've had to do before, and
I think that's absolutely perfect.
One thing I really enjoy about
the class is that often times we
choose projects that are
interesting to the MIT students
as well. So, I think when the
team, as a whole, is learning
together - everyone is working
on the project, everyone is
engaged - the roll of the teachers
and the students starts to be
narrowed and everyone is just
part of the same team all
learning and working together.
I think thats one of the big
differences about this class
than other classes that people
take in school. For instance, the
guy who made the car, his name
is Brian, he was very excited
when the car started driving.
He brought out his iPhone and
started taking videos of it.
And then, after that happened
he wanted to go further so we
increased the number of batteries
so that the amount of power
the car was getting, just to see
how fast it will go. And I think
thats really good because in
school when they give you a task
you do the task and thats it.
Because you were given it, and
you followed the instructions and
when you've reached the end,
you've reached the end. But here
we reach the end of the car and
he was like, "It would be really
cool if we could try and make the
car go faster. . . or if you try
and do this. . ." And I think that
is a good thing because it helps
them both feel more of an
ownership of this project,
because its even more of their
ideas. We help them get started
but now their putting even more
finishing touches onto it.
That's something that school
won't teach you. School teaches
you to follow a task to the end.
But this camp is more about, well
you have some idea what you
want to do, but how can you take
it and make it more. It's always
about making it more.
By the end of the class the
students have gone through a
full engineering cycle where
they have brainstormed an idea,
designed it on paper, and then
built it. And the fun part is on
the last day, when the projects
start to come together and people
see the thing that they just
though up four weeks ago actually
existing in real life. I think
that gives them a big sense of
accomplishment.
So what do they get out of this
experience? I would say the
number one thing that they get
is a sense of the passion and the
joy, the emotional side, of
trying to achieve. Of engaging
actively on something that you
care about, and going for it.
That's the main thing that
they get. The topic doesn't
really matter to me. It happens
to be engineering here, or art
in the case of the stained glass,
but they get a chance to really
see what its like to choose
something because they want
to and go for it, and do a good
job at it. That's what they get
the opportunity for.

---

### Rubik's Cube(s)
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZUoa9Wx7XQ

Idioma: en

Hi, I'm Tim Reynolds.
I'm a sophomore at MIT,
and I'm the co-founder
of the MIT Rubik's cube club.
And I'm going to solve
four Rubik's cubes.
[CLICKING] The time was
one minute and 10 seconds.

---

### Cell density
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5M_C_P02DQ

Idioma: en

The Manalis Laboratory
weighs single cells
using the lab's suspended
microchannel resonator.
The resonator, which is about
the size of a human hair,
vibrates at a certain frequency.
When a cell passes
through the resonator,
the frequency changes by
an amount proportional
to the weight of the cell.
To measure the mass, volume,
and density of a cell,
we load the device with
two different fluids,
the blue fluid containing
cells, and the yellow fluid,
which has a different
density than the blue fluid.
A cell passes through
the cantilever
and we measure the
cell's weight while it's
surrounded by the blue fluid.
The cell then enters
the yellow fluid,
the direction of fluid
flow is reversed,
and we measure the cell's
wait a second time, this time
while it's surrounded
by the yellow fluid.
From these two
weight measurements
we can calculate the
mass, volume, and density
of a cell every five seconds.

---

### Self-oscillating gels at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_EQY2x7avWo

Idioma: en

Discovered in the 1950s, the
Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction
is a self-oscillating redox
reaction that was originally
found to occur in solution.
The oscillatory waves
are readily visualized,
due to the changing color,
or oxidation state of a metal
catalyst.
In an unstirred solution,
where no chemicals
are being added or
removed from the system,
target or spiral waves
develop and propagate
throughout the solution.
By incorporating the metal
catalyst for the reaction
into a polymer hydrogel, we are
able to confine the reaction
to a millimeter
sized gel, to show
that pattern formation
within the material,
can be controlled by changing
the gel shape and size.
These self-sustained
oscillations evolve over time,
and last for several hours.
Here, the period of oscillation
is approximately two minutes.
When the reaction is further
restricted to a gel of size,
less than a millimeter,
the material
exhibits chemical
oscillations that
are coupled to the mechanical
swelling and shrinking
of the gel.
These self-sustained pulsations
exhibited by the BZ gel,
enable unique applications
using this material as a sensor
or actuator capable
of responding
to small changes in its
chemical environment.

---

### The Green Grease Project at MIT
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttYHJB6izu4

Idioma: en

My name is Angela
Hojnacki, and I'm a member
of the Green Grease project.
In August, we
traveled to Sao Paulo
to hold a workshop with a
waste-picker co-operative
in Sao Paulo called, CRUMA,
under the union of waste
pickers called Rede Cata Sampa.
And the idea of the workshop
was to teach catadoras, or waste
pickers, how to convert their
diesel engines to run on waste
vegetable oil through a
simple conversion using
recycled and locally
available materials.
We chose to work with Brazil,
because there are cooperatives
collecting waste vegetable oil
and there are new regulations
on its disposal.
But they don't
really have anything
to do with the
waste vegetable oil.
So CoLab teamed
up with biodiesel
to find a new use for it.
The workshop conversion
was three days.
And by the end of
the three days,
the catadoras were converting
the engines themselves.
They were finding their
own recycled materials.
So we're trying to keep
this project rolling.
We've worked with the Community
Innovators Lab and Libby
McDonald, who is in
charge of the waste
management projects
in South America.
So we're hoping to increase
the use of waste vegetable oil
as a fuel and decrease
carbon emissions,
as well as lower the operational
costs of a very marginalized
community in Sao Paulo.

---

### Remembering Ron McNair - 25th Anniversary of Challenger disaster
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZSPK1h3g2A

Idioma: en

I'm Jeff Hoffman,
former NASA astronaut,
now professor of
aerospace engineer
in the aeroastro
department at MIT.
We're celebrating the 25th
anniversary of the Challenger
disaster, where we lost
Ron McNair and his six crew
members.
I knew Ron well.
We were both selected
to be space shuttle
astronauts in early 1978.
We were the first group of
astronauts specifically chosen
to fly on the space shuttle.
The shuttle of course having
two pilots and five other crew
members could have
scientists and engineers
on board, which Ron
and I represented.
I worked here at MIT in the
late '70s at the same time
that Ron was
working on his Ph.D.
And I remember actually,
before Ron was ever
selected as an astronaut,
going to a physics lecture
that one day where Ron and
his Ph.D. Thesis adviser
gave a demonstration on
the physics of karate.
Ron was a fine
karate practitioner.
Ron was very well liked by
his fellow graduate students,
his professors, and of
course, once we got down
to NASA, by all of his fellow
astronauts-- very, very
talented human being.
And in fact, had many
different skills.
He was also a keen
jazz saxophone player.
And on his first space
flight, he actually
took his saxophone into space,
so that he could play jazz
for himself and his crewmates.
The 25th anniversary
is coming at a time
when the space shuttle
is soon to be retired.
Certainly, the
Challenger disaster
reminds us of some of
the serious problems
that the shuttle had.
It's also important to remember
some of the accomplishments
that the shuttle made possible.
We used the shuttle to repair
and maintain the Hubble Space
Telescope, to construct the
International Space Station.
The future of human
spaceflight in our country
is under discussion
now and it remains
to be seen what the
future holds in store,
but while we're thinking
about the future.
It's important not
to forget the past
to forget people like Ron, who
made the ultimate sacrifice so
that humans could learn
how to live and work
in orbit around the
earth, and accomplish
that many things that the
shuttle has allowed us to do.
So on this 25th anniversary,
we remember Ron and his fallen
crew members, and hope that
we will learn the lessons,
not let something like
that happen again,
but also remember
that exploring space
is a dangerous activity that
without sacrifice and risk,
there will be no exploration.
And hopefully, we can
take encouragement
from the example of
Ron and his crew mates,
and have the courage
to accept the risk
and go on and continue
the exploration of space.

---

### Holographic TV
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LW8wgmfpTE

Idioma: en

My name's Michael Bove, and I head the Object-Based
Media Group at the MIT Media Lab, and this video
shows the creation of a moving hologram of a person.
So we have, in this conference room, Princess Leia
and Princess Leia's video is being captured by a
Kinect camera attached to an ordinary laptop.
The laptop is sending the information over the Internet
to the whole graphic video display. Where another PC
is using ordinary graphics cards to calculate the
hologram of her in real time.
"Years ago, you served my father in the Clone Wars;
now he begs you to help him in his struggle against the Empire.
I regret that I am unable..."
Because the hologram is three-dimensional, and one
doesn't need to wear glasses to see it as 3-D and one
can move one's head around and look around the object,
that's what's called "motion parallax" and that's not
true of normal 3-D television.

---

### Autonomous Parking - MIT AgeLab
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68JxuP-EbPk

Idioma: en

Bryan Reimer, research
scientist, MIT AgeLab,
Associate Director of the
New England University
transportation center.
So we're interested in
trying to understand
how people work with the
different levels of automation
in the car and how stress
and arousal change as people
are parking with what is
really their first experience
with some autonomous
feature in the car.
Dashboard here is eye
tracking, facial recordings
for promotional coding,
cameras here recording forward
scene, cameras behind us
recording what is going on
in the vehicle itself.
The car here, we have
a fairly robust PC
and a lot of FireWire ports
to receive camera video.
Physiology recording is
done through this box right
here, heart rate,
skin conductance, all
of this being time
synchronized together
to try to provide an
understanding of how
the driver behaves
in real life driving
situation, on the
roads around Boston.
As we're approaching here,
I'm going to push the button,
tell the system to search
for a parking spot.
[TURN SIGNAL CLICKING]
Tell me when it found a spot.
Tells me to pull forward
to an appropriate spot
and then it tells me to
put the car in reverse
and take my hands off.
The active park assist system
takes over the steering,
and I'm still responsible for
the gas pedal and the brake
as it steers me into
the parking spot here.
[BEEPING]
It appears I'm approaching
the car behind me.
Telling me pull forward now.
[BEEPING]
Hear the front sensors
chime, back up a little more.
[BEEPING]
Telling me to pull
forward again.
[CHIMING]
And telling me the
park's finished up here.
[BEEPING]

---

### Greenhouse Gases - MIT Professor David Simchi-Levi
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXZy9MOagMk

Idioma: en

I'm David Simchi-Levi.
I'm on the faculty at MIT.
My new book, Operations
Rules, was just
published by MIT Press.
The book is focused on the link
between operations strategy
and customer value proposition,
as well as framework, concepts,
and rules that companies
can use to align
the two while addressing
today's business challenges.
One important challenge
faced by many companies
is not only reducing costs
and improving service,
but also reducing the
impact on the environment,
specifically reducing
carbon footprint.
In that respect, logistic is
a large and growing emitter
of carbon dioxide.
Specifically, logistic
contributes about 6%
of the total carbon
emission to the environment.
And out of this, transportation
contributes about 90%
of the total
emissions associated
with logistics-related
activities.
More importantly, different
modes of transportation
have different
emission efficiency,
with rail being six times
more efficient than truck,
and ocean transportation
being almost 50 times more
efficient, in terms
of carbon emission,
than air transportation.
As a result, the way
companies design,
manage, and operate
their supply chain
will have a huge impact not
only on cost and service,
but also on carbon emissions.
Therefore, the last
portion of my book
is focused on strategies
that companies
can use to improve business
performance while reducing
carbon emission.
This includes supply chain
reconfiguration, transportation
mode optimization, efficient
packaging, recycling and waste
management, product
design for sustainability,
and new emerging technologies.

---

### Solar fuel - MIT Professor Jeffrey Grossman
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbLF2u2XBYc

Idioma: en

We're working on a new
kind of solar field
that's based on this molecule
spinning around here.
And what it can do is it can
store energy from the sun
internally and release that
energy later as heat on demand.
It works in some ways like
a rechargeable battery.
It can be charged and
reused many times over.
In this case, the charging
occurs simply by exposure
to sunlight.
So when the sun
strikes this molecule,
it undergoes a reaction that
transforms it into a higher
energy state, or charged state.
And this particular
molecule is a special case.
It can do this reaction
in a reversible manner
with no degradation.
That means that once
transformed by the sun,
it stays stable making it
safe and transportable.
Then, using a simple
catalyst, the molecule
can be made to go back
into its original state.
And as it goes back
into its original state,
it releases that
stored energy as heat.
Now this makes it essentially
a rechargeable heat battery.
But we wanted to know is why
this particular case is unique?
Why it's so stable and
does not degrade over time
unlike other molecules that
have been tried before?
So we carried out quantum
mechanical calculations
in order to understand the
heat release mechanism.
And what we found
was quite surprising.
As the molecule proceeds
along the reaction pathway
from the higher energy state
back to the original state,
it was thought to have
only a single barrier,
but the calculations
revealed the presence
of this intermediate
state, which
means it has two barriers along
the pathway instead of one,
and that has
important implications
for how the fuel is stabilized.
And what we find is that
the relative barrier
heights along this path
play a crucial role
in its functionality.
Using this knowledge,
we're now working
to develop further
improvements in the fuels,
such as the use of
cheaper materials
and also increase
storage densities.

---

### Folding a solar cell into an airplane
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKbiX0kdpRA

Idioma: en

The purpose of this
video is to demonstrate
that an ordinary
piece of tracing paper
can be transformed into
a working solar cell.
The layers that
you see, give rise
to the different
colors of the cell.
They don't all overlap.
And we'll see that
the cell works in air
and also that it can be folded.
Right now, it's being
folded by a graduate student
in chemical engineering,
Miles Clark Barr,
into a paper airplane.
Once it's been folded, Miles
will attach normal alligator
clips to the electrodes
of the solar cell
and you'll see in the
background, a meter which
indicates the current, that's
the output of the cell.
As Miles raises a
flashlight above the cell,
you'll see that the
curtain goes up,
and when the light is
removed, the current
goes down, demonstrating
the actual viability
of this ultra
lightweight solar cell.

---

### Claude Canizares Chandra X-ray Observatory
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYnVUapi0qg

Idioma: en

I'm Claude Canizares.
I'm a professor in
the physics department
and also Vice President for
Research and Associate Provost.
But my research for
many, many years
has been in x-ray astronomy.
I have had the great pleasure
of working on the Chandra X-ray
Observatory, which just passed
its 10th anniversary in orbit.
It was launched from Cape
Canaveral on the space shuttle.
It's now in a very high orbit.
At its farthest distance
it's about a third
of the way to the
moon, and then it
spirals quickly around the
earth again and goes back
out every 64 hours.
Chandra is one of what NASA
called the Great Observatories.
Hubble is probably the
best known of that series.
But it is specially
designed to look at x-rays.
The reason that we
want to study x-rays
is that x-rays can
only be generated
in the most energetic,
explosive, bizarre places
in the universe.
Instrumentation of Chandra
is very specialized
in order to have a telescope
that can actually focus x-rays,
and then a set of
specialized detectors
that can measure the x-rays
with great precision.
At MIT we had several
teams working on this,
and actually designed
and built and delivered
to NASA two of the four
scientific instruments
on Chandra.
And now we continue, of course,
to make very fruitful use
of the data and have
a role in helping
to do the scientific operations,
along with our colleagues
at the Smithsonian Astronomical
Observatory and NASA.

---

### Public-health networks
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn9s2rt7PBs

Idioma: en

So we know from epidemiology
that the pattern of who's
connected to whom, the
social network in a society,
can affect the diffusion of
diseases across the society,
and we have two canonical
ways of thinking about how
social networks are structured.
One is sort of a
residential network,
so people are sort of
embedded in neighborhoods.
The neighborhoods
are overlapping.
So you think if you want to
get from one neighborhood
to another
neighborhood far away,
you have to go through all of
the intervening neighborhoods
to get there, so disease
spreads sort of slowly.
By contrast, you can think of
the casual contact networks
that people know each
other sort of at random,
and then a disease can
spread very quickly
across different parts
of the social space,
and in fact, the population.
The rule of contagion is that if
one of your neighbors gets it,
then you also get infected,
and it spreads from neighbor
to neighbor.
You can see it on
the left-hand side,
and it spreads through
the residential network.
It spreads around the
structure of the population
and ultimately saturates.
Now by contrast, when it spreads
through the casual contact
network, it spreads throughout
the population very quickly
and saturates it in
much faster time.
So this has implications for how
we would design health policy.
If we think that we can use
those same casual contact
networks that spread
disease quickly,
we're also spreading
desirable behaviors
like getting vaccinations
or preventative screenings.
So to test this, we
designed an experiment
where we could study the
spread of health behavior
through networks and designed
these online communities.
We've embedded people
in social networks.
You can see here
the left-hand side
has that kind of residential
structured network,
and the right-hand side has
that casual contact network.
And then we seeded
them with behaviors
and watched them spread.
I'm going to watch these
spread simultaneously,
and what you see is that in
the residential networks,
people are adopting in
these neighborhoods and then
the spillover effect,
where the behavior spreads
to the next neighborhood and the
next neighborhood and so forth.
And in the casual
contact networks,
you can see it spreads
all over the network,
but it spreads more slowly.
And in fact, at the
end of this process,
you get many more adopters
in the residential network
than the casual contact network.
And this is striking
and really surprising.
So what it means is that
behaviors spread really
differently than disease
does, so the intuitions
from epidemiology about
diffusion dynamics
don't generalize.
But of course, for
practical applications, what
this means is when you
design a health policy
intervention-- for, example
you want to get people
from southern Africa
to use condoms--
you can't target the same
rapid-diffusion networks
that allow diseases like
AIDS to spread very quickly.
In fact, you target different
kinds of networks entirely,
sort of closely structured
residential networks.
It also means more
generally in the design
of online communities
where you want
to promote desirable health
behaviors that you would
structure those communities
more like residential networks
than like casual
contact networks
to promote sort of overall
well-being and health.

---

### Healing Haiti
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzTNF-xjIPQ

Idioma: en

I'm Danielle Zurovcic,
a PhD Candidate
in mechanical
engineering at MIT and I
designed a simplified, negative
pressure wound therapy device
for wounds in the third world.
Specifically, we went to Haiti
during the disaster relief
effort to apply the device
to applicable wounds.
Let me demonstrate the device
on a clean area of skin,
such as the ankle, a typical
location of diabetic ulcers
and impact wounds in Haiti.
First, you dress the wound with
a gauze or sponge, or whatever
you may have in hand.
Then, insert your drainage tube.
And then take whatever occlusive
dressing you have in hand,
and cover both the drainage
tube and the gauze.
Seal down you're dressing,
making it airtight.
Then take the device,
and compress device,
which is the pump.
Make sure that your plug
is inserted airtight.
And now your pump
is set, which will
pull on your wound dressing
for 24 hours a day,
seven days a week.
And your dressing is now
hard, because it does not have
any air in it and has a vacuum.

---

### MIT's Electric Vehicle Team
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahO7ZHNxY48

Transcrição não disponível

---

### A peek into MIT's new Media Lab complex
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocNg_19exzk

Transcrição não disponível

---

### MIT Media Lab Medical Mirror
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyWnvAWEbWE

Transcrição não disponível

---

### MIT Professor James Wescoat
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHOA4ebgyp4

Idioma: en

My name is Jim Wescoat in the
Aga Khan Program for Islamic
Architecture here at MIT.
And the field of work
that I'm pursuing
is what I like to call
water conserving design.
And that is an effort
to draw together
the conservation of
water infrastructure
with the conservation of the
water resources themselves.
But also the human livelihoods
that depend on water,
and the cultural meanings
associated with water.
And really try to develop
an integrated perspective
on the conservation
alternatives that
are available to society
in regions both in the US
and in South Asia, and
India, and Pakistan.
Three projects currently
underway that we have.
One is focusing on water,
climate, and food security
risks in the Indus
Basin in Pakistan.
The second one is looking
at hydropower alternatives
in the Indus Basin with support
from the MIT Energy Initiative.
And a third is looking
at disaster resilience
and disaster resilient design in
the northern areas of Pakistan,
particularly in collaboration
with the Aga Khan planning
and building services.
And this type of work that we're
doing in the Khan program is
linked with a broader
[? institute-wide ?] initiative
in the field of water
resources research.

---

### Thomas Malone on collective intelligence
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CbR6RaU5SX0

Idioma: en

Hello.
I'm Thomas Malone,
Director of the MIT Center
for Collective Intelligence.
We define collective
intelligence
very broadly as groups of
individuals acting collectively
in ways that seem intelligent.
Now by this definition,
collective intelligence
has existed for
a very long time.
Families, companies,
countries, armies, these
are all examples of groups
of people working together
in ways that, at least
sometimes, seem intelligent.
But in the last few years,
we've seen some very new kinds
of collective intelligence
enabled by the internet.
Think of Google or Wikipedia
or Linux, for example.
In our recent work on measuring
collective intelligence,
we've also used a more
precise definition,
based on how psychologists
define intelligence
for individuals.
According to this definition,
collective intelligence
is a group's general
ability to perform well,
not just on a single
task, but on a wide range
of different tasks.

---

### Tod Machover - 'Death and the Powers;' a robotic opera
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPp9juefl2Y

Transcrição não disponível

---

### Check out THIS balloon
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93AOvoUXEW4

Idioma: en

Hey, I'm Oliver.
I'm Justin.
I'm a senior at MIT,
graduating in computer science.
And I'm a first-year
graduate student
in mechanical engineering.
We wanted to see what the world
looks like from near space.
So technically, space
is about 60 miles high,
and our balloon only
got 20 miles high.
So our pictures were from
near space, not space itself,
but they were still
high enough to get
pictures of the
earth's curvature
and the blackness of
space as a background.
Lots of groups have done
high altitude aerial balloon
photography, so pictures
of earth and space.
But as far as we know, we
are the first group ever
to do it on a budget of $150.
The basic process of
doing this involved
a helium-filled weather
balloon, a Canon camera,
and a GPS-enabled cell phone.
We had three main
problems that we
had to overcome in our launch.
The first problem was, how do
we get a camera up high enough.
Two, how do we keep
our equipment warm.
And three, how do we find
it after it's landed.
There's a program
for the cell phone
that enables it to automatically
text message its GPS
location every few
minutes, and we
used that so that after
the device landed,
the cell phone would text
message us with its location.
What was also interesting
about our project was
we did all of this with very
minimal electronic hacking.
There was no soldering required.
There was no extensive knowledge
of electronics equipments
required.
We were able to do everything
with off the shelf equipment,
just two guys with
an idea and items
that we thought would help
us accomplish our goal.

---

### A labelmaker for the blind
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3MGY0URAXQ

Idioma: en

6dot Braille labeler was
invented in the class 2009
by a team of 15 mechanical
engineering senior undergrads.
We did a lot of brainstorming
of different ideas.
And as we came up with this
idea that the labeling tools
available to blind people
to help them identify items
around the house-- for example,
CDs which all feel the same,
or canned goods, which
all feel the same.
The tools available are not
sufficient and adequate.
And that blind people were
really unhappy with what
they had and were
discouraged from labeling
and weren't as independent
as they wanted to be.
And so we developed the
first prototype of the 6dot.
And it was so successful,
and the blind people
were so impressed
with what we had
done, that they
really wanted to see
this product hit the market.
This is the 6dot
Braille labeler here.
It has a six-key keyboard
interface with a spacebar.
And the reason for that is, it's
an interface that blind people
are pretty familiar with.
And each of those keys
maps to one of the six dots
that makes up a
Braille character.
And by hitting combinations
of keys simultaneously,
you can create the
particular character
that you're interested in.
So, for example, the
letter A is just one dot,
called the number one dot, and
you would hit the number one
key corresponding to that
dot to produce a letter A.
A user would take a roll of
commercially available DYMO
labeling tape, which they use
in other labeling devices today,
and by opening this
door in the back,
would enter the
loading mechanism.
And load the tape into the
slot, and then close the door.
And there is an on/off switch
at the front of the device
here, which they would flip on.
And then advance the
tape to the opening--
which you will find right here--
by hitting the spacebar, which
advances the tape.
And the blind user
would feel the slot
until they feel the
tape coming out.
Once the blind user
feels the tape there,
they can pull the
tape back a little bit
so they're not wasting
too much excess tape
and then close the door.
And now they're ready to type.
Let's say they like
to type "beans."
The blind person, who knows how
to interact with this device,
would type B, by hitting
these two keys simultaneously,
and then E, and
then A. And you can
start to see the
Braille coming out,
and the user can feel the
Braille as it comes out
to proofread and to make sure
that everything's coming out
spelled properly.
Continuing on, the
N and then the S.
And then the user would slide
this cutting mechanism, which
rolls through the tape a few
times, and pull the tape out.
And here's their
completed label.
Our number one goal
is to get this product
into the hands of as
many people as possible,
because we see that it
can be a very useful tool.
It can improve their lives,
make them more independent.
It can help children
be more independent
and learn Braille
faster and better,
if they have something
that they can easily label
their household items with.
And with that
knowledge, we just want
to see this in as many
people's hands as possible.

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### Community Gardens - color
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YsDqIs8M4I

Idioma: en

It was interesting
to see the fact
that when we started
this whole thing,
we had 92 applicants
for 28 spots.
The plots were totally
picked at random
through a lottery, which
worked out very nicely.
Nice to see 28 people that
had little or no experience
in gardening all come together
and help each other out.
Teach each other.
So this will become
twice the size?
Twice, maybe three times--
four to six inches.
It's also fun to see the people
as they walk by here on street
level at the Albany garage.
The amount of people--
they're actually
taking the time to
look at the things
that-- before there was
just grass to look at.
And now they're looking
at eggplants and tomatoes.
And it's been just a
wonderful learning experience.
And just happy to
be involved in it.

---

